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Review
. 2024 Feb 19;10(7):e26464.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26464. eCollection 2024 Apr 15.

Development of high entropy alloys (HEAs): Current trends

Balaji V  1 , Anthony Xavior M  1
Affiliations
Review

Development of high entropy alloys (HEAs): Current trends

Balaji V et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

A novel concept of developing multi-principal elements, or compositional complex alloys is referred as high-entropy alloys (HEAs). This review addresses the role of entropy in alloying additions along with the effect of various elements listed in the periodic table in forming the HEAs. Phase formation rules and the associated parameters along with their significance are discussed. The physical metallurgy technique is elaborated with reference to the high-entropy effect, severe lattice distortion effect, sluggish diffusion effect, and cocktail effects. Various types of HEAs such as light weight HEAs, nanoprecipitate HEAs, ultrafine-grained HEAs, dual-phase HEAS and TRIP/TWIN HEAs are discussed. Further, the effects of mechanical alloying in HEAs are presented. Finally, the microstructural effects and mechanical properties of HEAs are addressed with reference to the published literature.

Keywords: High entropy alloys (HEAs); High entropy effect; Phase formation; Physical metallurgy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Overview of the HEAs processing methods [37].
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
a. Relationship between various temperatures and combining effect. Fig. 2b. Temperature differences and combining effect. Fig. 2c. Alloying addition (N) to combining effect for the formation of solid solution [42].
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
a. Relation between atomic size different (δ) in % Vs electronegativity. 3b. δ (%) Vs ΔSmix. 3c. δ (%) Vs Ω. 3d δ (%) Vs ΔHmix. 3(e) δ (%) Vs VEC. Comparative study phase formation and its possible outcomes of Al–Co–Cr–Fe and Al–Ti–Cu–Zn based HEAs [45]. Reuse with Journal Permission. Copyrights 2023, Elsevier.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Milling time-dependent crystallinity changes with and without PCAs effect [77]. Reuse with journal permission. Copyrights 2023, Elsevier.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Effects of carbon and oxygen presents over the various PCAs. Fig. 5a. For methanol. Fig. 5b. For stearic acid. Fig. 5c. For n-heptane [75]. Reuse with journal permission. Copyrights 2023, Elsevier.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
a, b without stearic acid PCAs. Fig. 6c. 1 wt% of stearic acid. Fig. 6d. 2 wt % of stearic acid. Fig. 6e. 3 wt% of stearic acid. Fig. 6f. 4 wt% of stearic acid [82].
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Influence of temperature condition as-quenched. Fig. 7 a, b, c, d for quenched condition and Fig. 7. e, f, g, h for annealed condition with different grain sizes [96]. Reuse with Journal Permission. Copyrights 2023, Elsevier.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
(a) Comparison of the same compositions of alloys through various heat treatment conditions. (b) Comparison between hardness level between conventional Vs. HEAs [101].
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Flow diagrams of alloy performance in strain hardening and yield stress based on materials.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Applications of HEAs in various fields [130].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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