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Review
. 2024 Apr 16:19:131-140.
doi: 10.1016/j.sopen.2024.04.001. eCollection 2024 Jun.

A comprehensive study on venous endovascular management and stenting in deep veins occlusion and stenosis: A review study

Javad Salimi  1 , Fatemeh Chinisaz  2 , Seyed Amir Miratashi Yazdi  1
Affiliations
Review

A comprehensive study on venous endovascular management and stenting in deep veins occlusion and stenosis: A review study

Javad Salimi et al. Surg Open Sci. .

Abstract

Background: Patients with deep venous disease can be classified into two distinct categories: those with disease resulting from known deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which may subsequently lead to post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), and those with disease caused by compressive factors or non-thrombotic iliac vein lesions (NIVL). The major factor causing the symptoms in patients with PTS and NIVL is venous hypertension which happens due to venous stenosis or venous obstruction. Nowadays Venous stenting offers a noninvasive approach for treatment of NIVL and PTS demonstrating high patency rate.

Methods: We comprehensively reviewed relevant published papers from 2008 to 2023 that surveyed various influencing factors including the site of occlusion and etiology of occlusions, proper diagnostic imaging, ideal characteristics of venous stents, different dedicated venous stents, pre-operative, concomitant, and post-operative interventions and factors that challenge stenting in both PTS and NIVL patients. The papers were identified by searching the keywords "venous stenting", "PTS", "NIVL", "occlusion", and "stenosis" in PubMed central library MEDLINE and Google Scholar.

Results: Patency rates, post-stent complications, and relevant data according to the patient's quality of life were included and analyzed from 476 identified studies. There is no validated protocol and guideline for using stents in patients with PTS and NIVL.

Conclusion: As there is no validated protocol and guideline for using stents in patients with PTS and NIVL, our study may provide comprehensive information to assist researchers interested in writing the protocol and give them insight.

Keywords: Occlusion; Stenosis; Venous stent.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
An example algorithm of managing patients with PTS and NIVL.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Schematic demonstrating of the open-cell design of Cook Zilver vena venous stent.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Schematic demonstrating of the closed-cell design of the Boston scientific VENITI VICI VENOUS STENT.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Schematic demonstrating of the structure of The Boston Scientific Wallstent.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Demonstrates the schematic effect of passion effect which resultant in retraction of the adjacent vein.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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