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. 2024 May;9(5):103447.
doi: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2024.103447. Epub 2024 May 3.

Incidence and outcome of brain and/or leptomeningeal metastases in HER2-low metastatic breast cancer in the French ESME cohort

N Epaillard  1 , A Lusque  2 , W Jacot  3 , A Mailliez  4 , T Bachelot  5 , M Arnedos  6 , F Le Du  7 , E Brain  8 , J M Ferrero  9 , V Massard  10 , I Desmoulins  11 , M A Mouret-Reynier  12 , C Levy  13 , A Gonçalves  14 , M Leheurteur  15 , T Petit  16 , T Filleron  2 , L Bosquet  17 , B Pistilli  18 , J S Frenel  19
Affiliations

Incidence and outcome of brain and/or leptomeningeal metastases in HER2-low metastatic breast cancer in the French ESME cohort

N Epaillard et al. ESMO Open. 2024 May.

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer that metastasizes to the brain. Particularly up to half of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) may develop brain metastases over the course of the disease. Nevertheless, little is known about the prevalence and the outcome of brain and leptomeningeal metastases (BLMM) in HER2-low BC. We compared the cumulative incidence of BLMM and associated outcomes among patients with HER2-low, HER2-negative (HER2-) and HER2+ mBC.

Patients and methods: This cohort study was conducted from the Epidemiological Strategy and Medical Economics (ESME) mBC database and included patients treated for mBC between 2012 and 2020 across 18 French comprehensive cancer centers and with known HER2 and hormone receptor (HR) status. The cumulative incidence of BLMM after metastatic diagnosis was estimated using a competing risk methodology with death defined as a competing event.

Results: 19 585 patients were included with 6118 (31.2%), 9943 (50.8%) and 3524 (18.0%) being HER2-low, HER2- and HER2+ mBC, respectively. After a median follow-up of 48.6 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 47.7-49.3 months], BLMM were reported in 4727 patients: 1192 (25.2%) were diagnosed with BLMM at first metastatic diagnosis and 3535 (74.8%) after metastatic diagnosis. Multivariable analysis adjusted for age, histological grade, metastases-free interval and HR status showed that the risk of BLMM at metastatic diagnosis was similar in patients with HER2- compared to HER2-low mBC [odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) 1.00 (0.86-1.17)] and higher in those with HER2+ compared to HER2-low [OR (95% CI) 2.23 (1.87-2.66)]. Similar results were found after metastatic diagnosis; the risk of BLMM was similar in HER2- compared to HER2-low [subdistribution hazard ratio (sHR) (95% CI) 1.07 (0.98-1.16)] and higher in the HER2+ group [sHR (95% CI) 1.56 (1.41-1.73)].

Conclusions: The prevalence and evolution of BLMM in HER2-low mBC are similar to those in patients with HER2- tumors. In contrast to patients with HER2+ mBC, the prognosis of BLMM remains dismal in this population.

Keywords: HER2-low; HER2-positive; brain metastases; breast cancer; metastasis.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure WJ declares grants: AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events: AstraZeneca, Eisai, BMS, Lilly France, Daiichi Sankyo, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Seagen; support for attending meetings and/or travel: AstraZeneca, Novartis, Chugai Pharma, Pfizer, Eisai, Pierre Fabre, Glaxo Smithkline, Roche, Lilly France, Sanofi Aventis; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board : AstraZeneca, Eisai, BMS, Lilly France, Daiichi Sankyo, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Seagen, Gilead. MA declares payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker’s bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events: Gilead, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, Lilly, AstraZeneca, Novartis; support for attending meetings and/or travel: Gilead, Pfizer, Novartis; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board: AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer. FLD declares consulting fees: Novartis, Gilead; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events: Amgen, Daiichi, Lilly, Novartis, Seagen, AZ; support for attending meetings and/or travel: Novartis, Pfizer, Seagen; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board: Daiichi, Lilly, Seagen, Pfizer, Novartis, Roche, Exact Sciences; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services : Lilly. TF declares payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker’s bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events: Roche, Jansen, Lilly. BP received fees as advisor/consultant from Pierre Fabre (self), Daiichi Sankyo (self), Merck Sharp & Dohme (institution), Seattle Genetics (institution), Eli Lilly (institution) and Novartis (institution); funding to institution for research support from Daiichi Sankyo and AstraZeneca; and travel expenses from AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Gilead. JSF declares consulting fees: Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Clovis Oncology, GSK, Gilead, Daiichi Sankyo, Seagen, Exact Science, MSD; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events: Lilly, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Gilead, Daiichi Sankyo, Seagen, MSD; support for attending meetings and/or travel: Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Clovis Oncology, GSK, Gilead, Daiichi Sankyo, Seagen, MSD. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cumulative incidence of BLMM and death before BLMM by HER2 status estimated using the competing risks method in the competing risks population (n = 18 365). (A) Cumulative incidence of BLMM (event of interest). (B) Cumulative incidence of death before BLMM (competing event). BLMM, brain and leptomeningeal metastases; CI, confidence interval; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Progression-free survival and overall survival after dBLMM by HER2 status. (A) Overall survival and (B) progression-free survival after BLMM by HER2 status. CI, confidence interval; dBLMM, diagnosis of brain and leptomeningeal metastases; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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