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. 2024 May 7;14(1):10484.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-60694-3.

Biogenic synthesis, characterization, and in vitro biological investigation of silver oxide nanoparticles (AgONPs) using Rhynchosia capitata

Zakir Ullah  1 , Javed Iqbal  2 , Farhat Gul  1 , Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi  3 , Sobia Kanwal  4 , Mohamed Farouk Elsadek  5 , M Ajmal Ali  6 , Rashid Iqbal  7 , Heba H Elsalahy  8 , Tariq Mahmood  9
Affiliations

Biogenic synthesis, characterization, and in vitro biological investigation of silver oxide nanoparticles (AgONPs) using Rhynchosia capitata

Zakir Ullah et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

The current research aimed to study the green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles (AgONPs) using Rhynchosia capitata (RC) aqueous extract as a potent reducing and stabilizing agent. The obtained RC-AgONPs were characterized using UV, FT-IR, XRD, DLS, SEM, and EDX to investigate the morphology, size, and elemental composition. The size of the RC-AgONPs was found to be ~ 21.66 nm and an almost uniform distribution was executed by XRD analysis. In vitro studies were performed to reveal biological potential. The AgONPs exhibited efficient DPPH free radical scavenging potential (71.3%), reducing power (63.8 ± 1.77%), and total antioxidant capacity (88.5 ± 4.8%) to estimate their antioxidative power. Antibacterial and antifungal potentials were evaluated using the disc diffusion method against various bacterial and fungal strains, and the zones of inhibition (ZOI) were determined. A brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay was conducted to measure the cytotoxicity potential (LC50: 2.26 μg/mL). In addition, biocompatibility tests were performed to evaluate the biocompatible nature of RC-AgONPs using red blood cells, HEK, and VERO cell lines (< 200 μg/mL). An alpha-amylase inhibition assay was carried out with 67.6% inhibition. Moreover, In vitro, anticancer activity was performed against Hep-2 liver cancer cell lines, and an LC50 value of 45.94 μg/mL was achieved. Overall, the present study has demonstrated that the utilization of R. capitata extract for the biosynthesis of AgONPs offers a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and forthright alternative to traditional approaches for silver nanoparticle synthesis. The RC-AgONPs obtained exhibited significant bioactive properties, positioning them as promising candidates for diverse applications in the spheres of medicine and beyond.

Keywords: Rhynchosia capitata; Anticancer; Biocompatibility; Cytotoxicity; Silver oxide nanoparticles.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The schematic diagram shows R. capitata-mediated green synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of AgONPs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) The UV visible spectrum of biologically synthesized AgONPs (B) XRD spectra of R. capitata-mediated AgONPs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) FT-IR spectra of biogenic AgONPs using R. capitata (B) The size distribution of AgONPs, The measurement of the zeta potential of AgONPs.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A) SEM review of biogenic R. capitata-mediated AgONPs (B) Elemental composition of AgONPs using EDX.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(A) Cytotoxic efficiency of R. capitata-mediated AgONPs on brine shrimps (B) Antidiabetic ability of AgONPs against an enzyme (alpha-amylase).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Antibacterial potential of R. capitata-mediated AgONPs at different concentrations.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Antifungal potential of biogenic AgONPs at different concentrations.
Figure 8
Figure 8
(A) Antioxidant (DPPH) potential of R. capitata-mediated AgONPs. (B) Antioxidant (TAC) potential of R. capitata-mediated AgONPs. (C) Antioxidant (TRP) potential of AgONPs (D)The antihaemolytic potential of R. capitata-mediated AgONPs.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(A) Biocompatibility potential of AgONPs against VERO and HEK-293 cell lines. The cell viability (in %) of VERO and HEK-293 cell lines in the presence of various concentrations of AgONPs, doxorubicin (positive control), and untreated cells (negative control) (B)Cytotoxic potential of AgONPs against Hep-2 cell lines.
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