A qualitative look at bed net access and use in Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Rwanda following piloted distributions of dual-active ingredient insecticide-treated nets

Abstract

Background: Universal coverage with insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is important for malaria control and elimination. The emergence and intensification of insecticide resistance threatens progress made through the deployment of these interventions and has required the development of newer, more expensive ITN types. Understanding malaria prevention behaviour, including barriers and facilitators to net access and use, can support effective decision-making for the promotion and distribution of ITNs.

Methods: In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted in 3 to 4 villages per district, in 13 districts across Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Nigeria and Rwanda from 2019 to 2022. Interviews were conducted in the local language, translated and transcribed in English, French or Portuguese. Transcripts were coded and analysed using Nvivo and ATLAS.ti.

Results: ITNs were obtained from mass distribution campaigns, antenatal care and immunization visits, and purchased on the private market in some locations. While there were divergent perspectives in whether the number of distributed nets were adequate, participants consistently expressed concerns of bias, discrimination, and a lack of transparency with the distribution process. ITNs were frequently used alongside other malaria prevention methods. The primary motivation for use was malaria prevention. While some participants reported using nets nightly throughout the year, other participants reported seasonal use, both due to the perceived higher density of mosquitoes and discomfort of sleeping under a net in the increased heat. Other barriers to consistent net use included activities that take place away from the home, sleeping patterns and arrangements, and sensitivity to the insecticides on the nets.

Conclusions: ITNs remain an important malaria control intervention. To ensure adequate and increased net access, distribution campaigns should consider family structures, available sleeping spaces, and other bed sharing preferences when identifying the number of nets needed for distribution. In addition, campaigns should allow for multiple options for net distribution points and timing to accommodate households remote to health services. Continuous distribution channels and complimentary distribution through the private sector could help fill gaps in coverage. Solutions are needed for outdoor malaria transmission, including alternative designs for ITNs, and improving access to complementary personal protective measures.

Keywords: Access; Care; Human behavior; Insecticide-treated bed nets; Malaria; Qualitative; Use.

Fig. 1

Study districts in Burkina Faso. a ITN distribution across four regions of Burkina Faso; b the five study districts. IG2 interceptor G2, ITN insecticide-treated bed net, PBO piperonyl butoxide

Fig. 2

The six study districts in five provinces in northern and western Mozambique. a ITN distribution across Mozambique; b districts included in the northern evaluation; c districts included in the western evaluation. IG2 interceptor G2, IRS indoor residual spraying, ITN insecticide-treated bed net, PBO piperonyl butoxide

Fig. 3

Net distribution in Nigeria by state and local government area. a States included in the study; b net distribution within Kwara and Osun States, pilot LGAs highlighted. Abbreviations: IG2, Interceptor G2; ITN, insecticide-treated net; PBO, piperonyl butoxide

Fig. 4

Study districts in Rwanda. a ITN distribution across five regions of Rwanda; b the three study districts. IG2 interceptor G2, IRS indoor residual spraying, ITN insecticide-treated bed net, PBO piperonyl butoxide

Fig. 5

Study timeline by country

Fig. 6

Coding and analysis process