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. 2024 Dec 31;17(1):2338635.
doi: 10.1080/16549716.2024.2338635. Epub 2024 May 8.

Estimation of cause-specific mortality in Rakai, Uganda, using verbal autopsy 1999-2019

Dorean Nabukalu  1   2 , Júlia Almeida Calazans  3 , Milly Marston  2 , Clara Calvert  4 , Hadijja Nakawooya  1 , Brendah Nansereko  1 , Robert Sekubugu  1 , Gertrude Nakigozi  1 , David Serwadda  1   5 , Nelson Sewankambo  1   6 , Godfrey Kigozi  1 , Ronald H Gray  7 , Fred Nalugoda  1 , Fredrick Makumbi  1   5 , Tom Lutalo  1   5 , Jim Todd  2
Affiliations

Estimation of cause-specific mortality in Rakai, Uganda, using verbal autopsy 1999-2019

Dorean Nabukalu et al. Glob Health Action. .

Abstract

Background: There are scant data on the causes of adult deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. We estimated the level and trends in adult mortality, overall and by different causes, in rural Rakai, Uganda, by age, sex, and HIV status.

Objectives: To estimate and analyse adult cause-specific mortality trends in Rakai, Uganda.

Methodology: Mortality information by cause, age, sex, and HIV status was recorded in the Rakai Community Cohort study using verbal autopsy interviews, HIV serosurveys, and residency data. We estimated the average number of years lived in adulthood. Using demographic decomposition methods, we estimated the contribution of each cause of death to adult mortality based on the average number of years lived in adulthood.

Results: Between 1999 and 2019, 63082 adults (15-60 years) were censused, with 1670 deaths registered. Of these, 1656 (99.2%) had completed cause of death data from verbal autopsy. The crude adult death rate was 5.60 (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.33-5.87) per 1000 person-years of observation (pyo). The crude death rate decreased from 11.41 (95% CI: 10.61-12.28) to 3.27 (95% CI: 2.89-3.68) per 1000 pyo between 1999-2004 and 2015-2019. The average number of years lived in adulthood increased in people living with HIV and decreased in HIV-negative individuals between 2000 and 2019. Communicable diseases, primarily HIV and Malaria, had the biggest decreases, which improved the average number of years lived by approximately extra 12 years of life in females and 6 years in males. There were increases in deaths due to non-communicable diseases and external causes, which reduced the average number of years lived in adulthood by 2.0 years and 1.5 years in females and males, respectively.

Conclusion: There has been a significant decline in overall mortality from 1999 to 2019, with the greatest decline seen in people living with HIV since the availability of antiretroviral therapy in 2004. By 2020, the predominant causes of death among females were non-communicable diseases, with external causes of death dominating in males.

Keywords: Uganda; Verbal autopsy; adult mortality; cause of death; health and demographic surveillance sites.

Plain language summary

Main findings: There are significant declines in mortality in people living with HIV. However, mortality in HIV-negative people increased due to non-communicable diseases in females, and injuries and external causes of death among males.Added knowledge: In this HIV-endemic area, decreasing adult mortality has been documented over the last 20 years. This paper benchmarks the changes in cause-specific mortality in this area.Global health impact for policy action: As in many African countries, more effort is needed to reduce mortality for non-communicable diseases, injuries, and external causes of death as these seem to have been neglected.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
RCCS cohort composition for the cause of death analysis.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Mortality rates: Age-specific probability of dying between age 15 and 60 - Rakai Community, Uganda (1999 to 2019).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Decomposition of average number of years lived in adulthood, in the entire population (figure 3a) and stratified by HIV status (figure 3b) and by ART establishment periods (figure 3c and figure 3d) - Rakai Community, Uganda (1999 to 2019).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
(continued).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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