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Review
. 2024 Apr 24:11:1342698.
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1342698. eCollection 2024.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease landscape in Singapore

Ching-Hui Sia #  1   2 , Oliver Simon #  3 , Poay-Huan Loh #  1   2   4 , Kian Keong Poh #  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease landscape in Singapore

Ching-Hui Sia et al. Front Cardiovasc Med. .

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for over one-third of all deaths in Singapore. An analysis of age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for CVD in Singapore revealed a deceleration in the initial rapid decline in ASMR. A decrease in smoking prevalence may have contributed to the initial rapid decline in ASMR. Furthermore, other major risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, elevated low-density lipoprotein levels, and obesity, are steadily rising. Singapore's CVD economic burden is estimated to be 8.1 billion USD (11.5 billion SGD). The burden of CVD can only be reduced using individual and population-based approaches. Prevention programs must also be developed based on an understanding of risk trends. Therefore, this article attempts to capture the burden of CVD, trends in risk factor control, preventive care, disparities, and current unmet needs, particularly in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease management in Singapore.

Keywords: Singapore; atherosclerosis; cardiovascular disease; disability-adjusted life year; global disease burden; medication adherence.

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Conflict of interest statement

OS is an employee of Novartis (Singapore) Pte Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The line graph shows the number of deaths due to CVD from 2013 to 2020 (4, 9).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The line graph shows the percentage of CVD-related DALYs among total DALYs in Singapore (3, 11, 12).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Trends in cigarette smoking among Singaporeans aged 18–74 years (21).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Trends in the prevalence of obesity among Singaporeans aged 18–74 years (21).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Trends in dyslipidemia in Singaporeans aged 18–74 years (21).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Trends in the prevalence of diabetes in Singaporeans aged 18–74 years (21).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Trends in the prevalence of hypertension in Singaporeans aged 18–74 years (21).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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