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. 2024 Apr 15:2024:9125094.
doi: 10.1155/2024/9125094. eCollection 2024.

Genetic Polymorphisms and Forensic Parameters of Thirteen X-Chromosome Markers in the Iraqi Kurdish Population

Ara K Mohammad  1 , Bahez Ismael  1 , Khanzad Ahmed Ali  1 , Balnd M Albarzinji  1
Affiliations

Genetic Polymorphisms and Forensic Parameters of Thirteen X-Chromosome Markers in the Iraqi Kurdish Population

Ara K Mohammad et al. J Nucleic Acids. .

Abstract

X-chromosome short tandem repeat (X-STR) tools are crucial in forensic genetics and human population fields. This study presents the development and validation of a multiplex STR system consisting of thirteen X-STR loci and amelogenin specific to the human X chromosome. The system was optimized and tested for species specificity, sensitivity, stability, and DNA mixture using 9947A female and 9948 male control genomic DNA. The amplified products of nine loci were sequenced to determine the correct amplicon length. Allele frequencies, forensic parameters, mean exclusion chance (MEC), linkage disequilibrium (LD), and allelic patterns were investigated using DNA samples from 225 (159 male, 66 female) unrelated Kurdish individuals who live in Sulaymaniyah province in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The most informative locus in the Kurdish population was GATA172D05, while the least informative locus was DXS10164. The results demonstrated that the 13 X-STR system is highly polymorphic and sensitive for forensic DNA identification. Genetic distance-based clustering, metric multidimensional scaling (MDS), and correlation matrix were analyzed for 19 ethnic groups and populations. The phylogenetic tree showed that populations clustered according to their ethnogeographic relationships. The findings revealed genetic links between the Iraqi Kurds, Caucasians, Iraqi Arabs, United States (U.S.) ethnic groups, and Chinese populations.

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Conflict of interest statement

Balnd M. Albarzinji has received research funding from the Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific (KISSR).

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Plots showing the distribution of allele frequencies of the 13 X-STR loci using pool data of the Kurds from Sulaymaniyah City, Iraq. The horizontal axis (X-axis) represents the allele size, and the vertical axis (Y-axis) represents the observed frequency.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Graph of forensic parameters and mean exclusion chance distribution of the 13 X-STR loci using female, male, and pool data.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Phylogenetic tree generated using POPTREE2 tool based on FST values of 7 X-STR loci in the Iraqi Kurds and 18 other ethnic groups and populations.
Figure 4
Figure 4
A metric multidimensional scaling analysis based on the genetic distance values (FST) of the Iraqi Kurdish groups and 18 other populations.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Pearson's correlation coefficient matrix measuring the genetic distances among 19 ethnic groups using the corrplot package in R statistical software.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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