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Meta-Analysis
. 2024 May 9;5(5):CD013038.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013038.pub3.

Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants

Lilia Delgado Paramo  1 , Anja Bronnert  1 , Luling Lin  1 , Frank H Bloomfield  1 , Mariana Muelbert  1 , Jane E Harding  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants

Lilia Delgado Paramo et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Preterm infants (born before 37 weeks' gestation) are often unable to co-ordinate sucking, swallowing, and breathing for oral feeding because of their immaturity. In such cases, initial nutrition is provided by orogastric or nasogastric tube feeding. Feeding intolerance is common and can delay attainment of full enteral and sucking feeds, prolonging the need for nutritional support and the hospital stay. Smell and taste play an important role in the activation of physiological pre-absorptive processes that contribute to food digestion and absorption. However, during tube feeding, milk bypasses the nasal and oral cavities, limiting exposure to the smell and taste of milk. Provision of the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds offers a non-invasive and low-cost intervention that, if effective in accelerating the transition to enteral feeds and subsequently to sucking feeds, would bring considerable advantages to infants, their families, and healthcare systems.

Objectives: To assess whether exposure to the smell or taste (or both) of breastmilk or formula administered with tube feeds can accelerate the transition to full sucking feeds without adverse effects in preterm infants.

Search methods: We conducted searches in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Epistemonikos to 26 April 2023. We also searched clinical trial databases and conference proceedings.

Selection criteria: We included randomised and quasi-randomised studies that evaluated exposure versus no exposure to the smell or taste of milk (or both) immediately before or at the time of tube feeds.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently selected studies, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data according to Cochrane Neonatal methodology. We performed meta-analyses using risk ratios (RRs) for dichotomous data and mean differences (MDs) for continuous data, with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence.

Main results: We included eight studies (1277 preterm infants). Seven studies (1244 infants) contributed data for meta-analysis. The evidence suggests that exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds has little to no effect on time taken to reach full sucking feeds (MD -1.07 days, 95% CI -2.63 to 0.50; 3 studies, 662 infants; very low-certainty evidence). Two studies reported no adverse effects related to the intervention. The intervention may have little to no effect on duration of parenteral nutrition (MD 0.23 days, 95% CI -0.24 to 0.71; 3 studies, 977 infants; low-certainty evidence), time to reach full enteral feeds (MD -0.16 days, 95% CI -0.45 to 0.12; 1 study, 736 infants; very low-certainty evidence) or risk of necrotising enterocolitis (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.84; 2 studies, 435 infants; low-certainty evidence), although the evidence for time to reach full enteral feeds is very uncertain. Exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds probably has little to no effect on risk of late infection (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.75; 2 studies, 436 infants; moderate-certainty evidence). There were no data available to assess feeding intolerance. The included studies had small sample sizes and methodological limitations, including unclear or lack of randomisation (four studies), lack of blinding of participants and personnel (five studies), unclear or lack of blinding of the outcome assessor (all eight studies), and different inclusion criteria and methods of administering the interventions.

Authors' conclusions: The results of our meta-analyses suggest that exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds may have little to no effect on time to reach full sucking feeds and time to reach full enteral feeds. We found no clear difference between exposure and no exposure to the smell or taste of milk on safety outcomes (adverse effects, necrotising enterocolitis, and late infection). Results from one ongoing study and two studies awaiting classification may alter the conclusions of this review. Future research should examine the effect of exposing preterm infants to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds on health outcomes during hospitalisation, such as attainment of feeding skills, safety, feed tolerance, infection, and growth. Future studies should be powered to detect the effect of the intervention in infants of different gestational ages and on each sex separately. It is also important to determine the optimal method, frequency, and duration of exposure.

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Conflict of interest statement

LDP: none known. AB: none known. MM: was a member of the study team for one included study (Bloomfield 2023), but she did not select this study or perform data extraction, risk of bias assessment, or GRADE assessment for this study as part of the review. Her institution receives a grant from the Kelliher Charitable Trust to fund her postdoctoral fellowship. LL: none known. JH: authored one included study (Bloomfield 2023), but she did not select this study or perform data extraction, risk of bias assessment, or GRADE assessment for this study as part of the review. She is the co‐investigator for a grant from the Health Research Council of New Zealand (16/605) for Bloomfield 2023. Her salary is funded in part by this grant. She has given multiple lectures and published some review articles which relate to the material included in this review, none directly reporting the contents of the review. FB: authored two included studies (Bloomfield 2023; Beker 2017), but he did not select these studies or perform data extraction, risk of bias assessment, or GRADE assessment for either study as part of the review. He is the principal investigator for the Diamond trial (Bloomfield 2023). He received a programme grant from the Health Research Council of New Zealand and Ka Awatea Trust, Counties Manukau Health into nutrition of preterm babies, including funding the DIAMOND trial (Bloomfield 2023), a factorial RCT of nutritional interventions in moderate‐late preterm babies, including exposure to smell and taste prior to tube feeds. The trial sponsor was the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. He has published opinions in medical journals relevant to the interventions in the work.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA flow diagram.
2
2
Review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exposure to smell and taste stimulation of milk with tube feeds versus no exposure, Outcome 1: Time to reach full sucking feeds (days)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exposure to smell and taste stimulation of milk with tube feeds versus no exposure, Outcome 2: Time to reach full sucking feeds (days) – by type of exposure
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exposure to smell and taste stimulation of milk with tube feeds versus no exposure, Outcome 3: Duration of parenteral nutrition (days)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exposure to smell and taste stimulation of milk with tube feeds versus no exposure, Outcome 4: Time to reach full enteral feeds (days)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exposure to smell and taste stimulation of milk with tube feeds versus no exposure, Outcome 5: Time to reach full enteral feeds (days) – by type of exposure
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exposure to smell and taste stimulation of milk with tube feeds versus no exposure, Outcome 6: Necrotising enterocolitis during hospitalisation
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exposure to smell and taste stimulation of milk with tube feeds versus no exposure, Outcome 7: Late infection during hospitalisation
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exposure to smell and taste stimulation of milk with tube feeds versus no exposure, Outcome 8: Time to first discharge home (days)
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exposure to smell and taste stimulation of milk with tube feeds versus no exposure, Outcome 9: Time to first discharge home (postmenstrual age in weeks)
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exposure to smell and taste stimulation of milk with tube feeds versus no exposure, Outcome 10: Time to first discharge home (days) – by type of exposure
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exposure to smell and taste stimulation of milk with tube feeds versus no exposure, Outcome 11: Time to first discharge home (postmenstrual age in weeks) – by type of exposure
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References

References to studies included in this review

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References to other published versions of this review

Muelbert 2018
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