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. 2024 May 9;19(5):e0301776.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301776. eCollection 2024.

Integrative species delimitation and five new species of lynx spiders (Araneae, Oxyopidae) in Taiwan

Ying-Yuan Lo  1   2 , Ren-Chung Cheng  3   4 , Chung-Ping Lin  1
Affiliations

Integrative species delimitation and five new species of lynx spiders (Araneae, Oxyopidae) in Taiwan

Ying-Yuan Lo et al. PLoS One. .

Erratum in

Abstract

An accurate assessment of species diversity is a cornerstone of biology and conservation. The lynx spiders (Araneae: Oxyopidae) represent one of the most diverse and widespread cursorial spider groups, however their species richness in Asia is highly underestimated. In this study, we revised species diversity with extensive taxon sampling in Taiwan and explored species boundaries based on morphological traits and genetic data using a two-step approach of molecular species delimitation. Firstly, we employed a single COI dataset and applied two genetic distance-based methods: ABGD and ASAP, and two topology-based methods: GMYC and bPTP. Secondly, we further analyzed the lineages that were not consistently delimited, and incorporated H3 to the dataset for a coalescent-based analysis using BPP. A total of eight morphological species were recognized, including five new species, Hamataliwa cordivulva sp. nov., Hamat. leporauris sp. nov., Tapponia auriola sp. nov., T. parva sp. nov. and T. rarobulbus sp. nov., and three newly recorded species, Hamadruas hieroglyphica (Thorell, 1887), Hamat. foveata Tang & Li, 2012 and Peucetia latikae Tikader, 1970. All eight morphological species exhibited reciprocally monophyletic lineages. The results of molecular-based delimitation analyses suggested a variety of species hypotheses that did not fully correspond to the eight morphological species. We found that Hamat. cordivulva sp. nov. and Hamat. foveata showed shallow genetic differentiation in the COI, but they were unequivocally distinguishable according to their genitalia. In contrast, T. parva sp. nov. represented a deep divergent lineage, while differences of genitalia were not detected. This study highlights the need to comprehensively employ multiple evidence and methods to delineate species boundaries and the values of diagnostic morphological characters for taxonomic studies in lynx spiders.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Maternal egg-guarding behavior of oxyopids.
A, Hamadruas hieroglyphica, 2014 Oct. 28, Fuyang National Park, Taipei; B, Hamataliwa cordivulva sp. nov., 2014 Aug. 18, Taichung; C, Oxyopes macilentus, 2014 Oct. 20, Qipan village, Yunlin; D, Peucetia latikae, 2018 Oct. 09, Dakeng, Taichung (photo by Sung-Yan Wei).
Fig 2
Fig 2. Sampling sites of oxyopids from Taiwan in this study.
The elevation layer was obtained from https://data.gov.tw/dataset/35430 under a CC BY license, with permission from Ministry of Digital Affairs, original copyright 2016.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree and the species delimitation of Hamadruas, Hamataliwa, and Tapponia based on morphology and COI dataset.
The bars represent results obtained from different methods. Species that are not distributed in Taiwan are labeled in grey.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Oxyopidae based on COI dataset.
Bootstrap values are represented by dots, and support levels are presented in different colors.
Fig 5
Fig 5. Hamadruas hieroglyphica, female.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B, Epigyne; C, Vulva. Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B–C = 0.5 mm.
Fig 6
Fig 6. Hamadruas hieroglyphica, male.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B–D, Palp (B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, retrolateral view). Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.5 mm.
Fig 7
Fig 7. Hamataliwa cordivulva sp. nov., female.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B, Epigyne; C, Vulva. Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B–C = 0.5 mm.
Fig 8
Fig 8. Epigyne and vulva of Hamataliwa cordivulva sp. nov., female.
A, Epigyne; B, Vulva. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig 9
Fig 9. Hamataliwa cordivulva sp. nov., male.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B–D, Palp (B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, retrolateral view). Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.5 mm.
Fig 10
Fig 10. Left palp of Hamataliwa cordivulva sp. nov., male.
A, prolateral view; B, ventral view; C, retrolateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig 11
Fig 11. Hamataliwa foveata, female.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B, Epigyne; C, Vulva. Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B–C = 0.5 mm.
Fig 12
Fig 12. Hamataliwa foveata, male.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B–D, Palp (B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, retrolateral view). Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.5 mm.
Fig 13
Fig 13. Hamataliwa leporauris sp. nov., female.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B, Epigyne; C, Vulva. Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B–C = 0.5 mm.
Fig 14
Fig 14. Epigyne and vulva of Hamataliwa leporauris sp. nov., female.
A, Epigyne; B, Vulva. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig 15
Fig 15. Hamataliwa leporauris sp. nov., male.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B–D, Palp (B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, retrolateral view). Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.5 mm.
Fig 16
Fig 16. Left palp of Hamataliwa leporauris sp. nov., male.
A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig 17
Fig 17. Peucetia latikae, female.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B–C, Epigyne (B, ventral view; C, dorsal view). Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B–C = 0.5 mm.
Fig 18
Fig 18. Peucetia latikae, male.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B–D, Palp (B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, retrolateral view). Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.5 mm.
Fig 19
Fig 19. Tapponia auriola sp. nov., female.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B, Epigyne; C, Vulva. Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B–C = 0.2 mm.
Fig 20
Fig 20. Epigyne and vulva of Tapponia auriola sp. nov., female.
A, epigyne; B, vulva. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig 21
Fig 21. Tapponia auriola sp. nov., male.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B–C, Palp (B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, retrolateral view). Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B–C = 0.5 mm.
Fig 22
Fig 22. Left palp of Tapponia auriola sp. nov., male.
A, prolateral view; B, ventral view; C, retrolateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig 23
Fig 23. Tapponia parva sp. nov., male.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B–D, Palp (B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, retrolateral view). Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.5 mm.
Fig 24
Fig 24. Left palp of Tapponia parva sp. nov., male.
A, prolateral view; B, ventral view; C, retrolateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig 25
Fig 25. Tapponia rarobulbus sp. nov., male.
A, Habitus, dorsal view; B–D, Palp (B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, retrolateral view). Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.5 mm.
Fig 26
Fig 26. Left palp of Tapponia rarobulbus sp. nov., male.
A, prolateral view; B, ventral view; C retrolateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
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