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Review
. 2024 Feb 1;12(5):3046-3067.
doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3986. eCollection 2024 May.

Oridonin from Rabdosia rubescens: An emerging potential in cancer therapy - A comprehensive review

Muhammad Asif Ali  1 , Noohela Khan  2 , Ahmad Ali  1 , Hira Akram  1 , Noushaba Zafar  1 , Kinza Imran  1 , Tooba Khan  3 , Khushbukhat Khan  4 , Muhammad Armaghan  3 , Marta Palma-Morales  5   6 , Celia Rodríguez-Pérez  5   6   7 , Angela Caunii  8 , Monica Butnariu  9 , Solomon Habtemariam  10 , Javad Sharifi-Rad  11
Affiliations
Review

Oridonin from Rabdosia rubescens: An emerging potential in cancer therapy - A comprehensive review

Muhammad Asif Ali et al. Food Sci Nutr. .

Abstract

Cancer incidences are rising each year. In 2020, approximately 20 million new cancer cases and 10 million cancer-related deaths were recorded. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that by 2024 the incidence of cancer will increase to 30.2 million individuals annually. Considering the invasive characteristics of its diagnostic procedures and therapeutic methods side effects, scientists are searching for different solutions, including using plant-derived bioactive compounds, that could reduce the probability of cancer occurrence and make its treatment more comfortable. In this regard, oridonin (ORI), an ent-kaurane diterpenoid, naturally found in the leaves of Rabdosia rubescens species, has been found to have antitumor, antiangiogenesis, antiasthmatic, antiinflammatory, and apoptosis induction properties. Extensive research has been performed on ORI to find various mechanisms involved in its anticancer activities. This review article provides an overview of ORI's effectiveness on murine and human cancer populations from 1976 to 2022 and provides insight into the future application of ORI in different cancer therapies.

Keywords: ORI; anticancer properties; cancer treatment; diterpenoid; natural compound.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no relevant financial or other conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Structural isomers of oridonin.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Different derivates of ORI. The main structure of ORI is enclosed in a blue circle and its derivatives surround it where functional groups are shown in red. Chemical structures are drawn using ChemDraw to show how different functional groups can change the role of primary compound and improve their solubility and bioavailability.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Molecular mechanism of anticancer effect of ORI. (a) ORI inhibits binding of NFκB transcription factors to its target genes. (b) VEGF receptors induce PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways to cause phosphorylation of HIF‐1α. ORI inhibits the entry of HIF‐1α into the nucleus. It also inhibits the transcription of MMPs that normally cause matrix remodeling. (c) Signaling through TGFβ type 2 receptors phosphorylate SMAD2 and SMAD3. ORI inhibits phosphorylation of SMAD2 and binding of SMAD4 with the complex that enters the nucleus to regulate invasion, inflammation, and proliferation. (d) ORI inhibits the transcription of antiapoptotic proteins BCL2 and BCLX. It prevents MCL‐1 to convert BID into tBID which inhibits the function of BCL2 proteins. ORI also inhibits caspase‐3 to induce apoptosis. (e) p53 target genes transcript into MDM2 that can again bind with p53 to cause its degradation. ORI inhibits the binding of MDM2 with p53.
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