Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 May 10;14(1):10756.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-59492-8.

Implementing no-signaling correlations as a service

Mátyás Koniorczyk  1 , Péter Naszvadi  2   3 , András Bodor  2 , Ottó Hanyecz  2   3 , Peter Adam  2   4 , Miklós Pintér  5
Affiliations

Implementing no-signaling correlations as a service

Mátyás Koniorczyk et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

We deal with no-signaling correlations that include Bell-type quantum nonlocality. We consider a logical implementation using a trusted central server with encrypted connections to clients. We show that in this way it is possible to implement two-party no-signaling correlations in an asynchronous manner. While from the point of view of physics our approach can be considered as the computer emulation of the results of measurements on entangled particles, from the software engineering point of view it introduces a primitive in communication protocols that can be capable of coordinating agents without revealing the details of their actions. We present an actual implementation in the form of a Web-based application programming interface (RESTful Web API). We demonstrate the use of the API via the simple implementation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt game.

Keywords: Cryptographic protocols; No-signaling correlations; Quantum nonlocality.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A local box pair: it can be implemented with randomness shared in advance. The vertical dash-dotted line represents spatial separation, whereas the horizontal one represent difference in time. Thus there are two phases: the preparation of the box and the actual use. In the second phase no communication is allowed between the boxes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A quantum box pair, compare also with Fig. 1. The circles with upwards arrows inside represent quantum systems (e.g. particles); they are shared in advance. Due to their interaction at the source, they form pairs which are entangled. This enables the realization of nonlocal no-signaling correlation, albeit not the most general ones.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The nonlocal box emulation scenario. A bidirectional communication is allowed between the boxes of Alice and Bob, via an encrypted channel, with a trusted server, during the whole process of using the box. Meanwhile Alice and Bob are still not able to communicate each other by using the box.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The pseudocode of the API call useBox on Alice’s side. Let xk (yk) denote Alice’s (Bob’s) input. If Bob is the first, then the roles are reverted.
Figure 5
Figure 5
UML component diagram of the software architecture.
Figure 6
Figure 6
A simple desktop graphical user interface for the logical nonlocal box implementation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Einstein A, Podolsky B, Rosen N. Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? Phys. Rev. 1935;47:777–780. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.47.777. - DOI
    1. Bell JS. On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox. Phys. Physique Fizika. 1964;1:195–200. doi: 10.1103/PhysicsPhysiqueFizika.1.195. - DOI
    1. Horodecki R, Horodecki P, Horodecki M, Horodecki K. Quantum entanglement. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2009;81:865–942. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.81.865. - DOI
    1. Bengtsson, I. & Zyczkowski, K. Geometry of Quantum States (Cambridge University Press, 2017).
    1. Clauser JF, Horne MA, Shimony A, Holt RA. Proposed experiment to test local hidden-variable theories. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1969;23:880–884. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.880. - DOI