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Review
. 2024 Apr 28;17(9):2067.
doi: 10.3390/ma17092067.

The Impurity Removal and Comprehensive Utilization of Phosphogypsum: A Review

Qingjun Guan  1   2 , Zhuang Wang  1 , Fujia Zhou  1 , Weijian Yu  1   2 , Zhigang Yin  3 , Zhenyue Zhang  4 , Ru'an Chi  5 , Juncheng Zhou  6
Affiliations
Review

The Impurity Removal and Comprehensive Utilization of Phosphogypsum: A Review

Qingjun Guan et al. Materials (Basel). .

Erratum in

Abstract

Phosphogypsum (PG), a byproduct during the phosphoric acid production process, also known as the wet process, contains complex and diverse impurities, resulting in low utilization and considerable accumulation. This leads to a massive waste of land resources and a series of environmental pollution problems. Given the current urgent ecological and environmental situation, developing impurity removal processes with low energy consumption and high efficiency, exploring valuable resource recovery, preparing high value-added PG products, and broadening the comprehensive utilization ways of PG are significant strategies to promote the sustainable consumption of PG and sustainable development of the phosphorus chemical industry. This review comprehensively summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of existing PG impurity removal and utilization technologies and probes into the future development direction, which provides references and ideas for subsequent PG research.

Keywords: impurity removal; phosphogypsum; rare earth elements; utilization.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Annual production of PG in various countries around the world.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic diagram of the hydrocyclone.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The closed-circuit flotation process and changes in PG before and after flotation [83].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mechanism diagram of deep phosphorus removal from PG based on crystal regulation induced by seeding [88].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Mechanism diagram of MICP for the removal of the impurities and heavy metals [96].
Figure 6
Figure 6
Design diagram of MICP/EICP treatment for PG [98].
Figure 7
Figure 7
P2O5 and F content under different temperatures (a). The setting time of CPG under different temperatures (b). The compressive and flexural strength of HPG under different temperatures (c) [102].
Figure 8
Figure 8
Potential valorization pathways of PG.
Figure 9
Figure 9
The main advantages of using PG in agriculture [2].
Figure 10
Figure 10
The schematic diagram of CO2 sequestration process through PG carbonation using NH4OH as an alkaline medium [178].
Figure 11
Figure 11
The preparation process of the novel CPCM [182].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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