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Review
. 2024 May 4;13(9):2707.
doi: 10.3390/jcm13092707.

Prevention and Risk Assessment of Cardiac Device Infections in Clinical Practice

Andrea Matteucci  1   2 , Carlo Pignalberi  1 , Claudio Pandozi  1 , Barbara Magris  1 , Antonella Meo  1 , Maurizio Russo  1 , Marco Galeazzi  1 , Giammarco Schiaffini  1 , Stefano Aquilani  1 , Stefania Angela Di Fusco  1 , Furio Colivicchi  1
Affiliations
Review

Prevention and Risk Assessment of Cardiac Device Infections in Clinical Practice

Andrea Matteucci et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

The implantation of cardiac electronic devices (CIEDs), including pacemakers and defibrillators, has become increasingly prevalent in recent years and has been accompanied by a significant rise in cardiac device infections (CDIs), which pose a substantial clinical and economic burden. CDIs are associated with hospitalizations and prolonged antibiotic therapy and often necessitate device removal, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs worldwide. Approximately 1-2% of CIED implants are associated with infections, making this a critical issue to address. In this contemporary review, we discuss the burden of CDIs with their risk factors, healthcare costs, prevention strategies, and clinical management.

Keywords: CIEDs infection; health care cost optimization; prevention.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Classification of CIEDs risk factors. CIEDs = cardiac implantable electronic devices; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF = heart failure; NYHA = New York Heart Association.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Main prophylactic tools to be applied at all times to prevent CDIs.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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