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. 2024 Apr 23;13(9):1290.
doi: 10.3390/foods13091290.

Evaluation of Dynamic Changes of Volatile Organic Components for Fishmeal during Storage by HS-SPME-GC-MS with PLS-DA

Jie Geng  1   2 , Qing Cao  1   2 , Shanchen Jiang  1   2 , Jixuan Huangfu  1   2 , Weixia Wang  1   2 , Zhiyou Niu  1   2
Affiliations

Evaluation of Dynamic Changes of Volatile Organic Components for Fishmeal during Storage by HS-SPME-GC-MS with PLS-DA

Jie Geng et al. Foods. .

Abstract

Headspace solid-phase microextraction, combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and partial least squares discriminant analysis, was adopted to study the rule of change in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for domestic and imported fishmeal during storage with different freshness grades. The results showed that 318 kinds of VOCs were detected in domestic fishmeal, while 194 VOCs were detected in imported fishmeal. The total relative content of VOCs increased with storage time, among which acids and nitrogen-containing compounds increased significantly, esters and ketones increased slightly, and phenolic and ether compounds were detected only in domestic fishmeal. Regarding the volatile base nitrogen, acid value, pH value, and mold counts as freshness indexes, the freshness indexes were significantly correlated with nine kinds of VOCs (p < 0.05) through the correlation analysis. Among them, volatile base nitrogen had a significant correlation with VOCs containing nitrogen, acid value with VOCs containing carboxyl group and hydrocarbons, pH value with acids which could be used to adjust pH value, and mold counts with part of acids adjusting pH value and VOCs containing nitrogen. Due to the fact that the value of all freshness indexes increased with freshness degradation during storage, based on volatile base nitrogen and acid value, the fishmeal was divided into three freshness grades, superior freshness, corrupting, and completely corrupted. By using partial least squares discriminant analysis, this study revealed the differences in flavor of the domestic and imported fishmeal during storage with different freshness grades, and it identified four common characteristic VOCs, namely ethoxyquinoline, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-benzo[e]indole-1,2-dione, hexadecanoic acid, and heptadecane, produced by the fishmeal samples during storage, as well as the characteristic VOCs of fishmeal at each freshness grade.

Keywords: HS-SPME-GC-MS; PLS-DA; correlation analysis; fishmeal; freshness.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Trend of freshness indexes of fishmeal during storage: (a) VBN, (b) AV, (c) pH value, and (d) mold counts.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Species and relative content of VOCs during storage. (a) Venn diagram of species of VOCs. (b) Histogram of VOCs in domestic fishmeal. (c) Histogram of VOCs in imported fishmeal.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Species and relative content of VOCs during storage. (a) Venn diagram of species of VOCs. (b) Histogram of VOCs in domestic fishmeal. (c) Histogram of VOCs in imported fishmeal.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Cyclic heat map of significant correlation between each freshness index and VOCs: (a) domestic fishmeal and (b) imported fishmeal. Note: ** represents an extremely significant correlation, p < 0.01; * represents a significant correlation, 0.01 < p < 0.05. The number sequence represents the CAS number of VOCs.
Figure 4
Figure 4
PLS-DA of HS-SPME-GC-MS data. (A) Superior freshness grade of domestic and imported fishmeal. (B) Corrupting grade of domestic and imported fishmeal. (C) Completed corruption grade of domestic and imported fishmeal. The figure includes (a) the PLS-DA score plot, (b) permutation test results, and (c) histogram of VIP scores.
Figure 4
Figure 4
PLS-DA of HS-SPME-GC-MS data. (A) Superior freshness grade of domestic and imported fishmeal. (B) Corrupting grade of domestic and imported fishmeal. (C) Completed corruption grade of domestic and imported fishmeal. The figure includes (a) the PLS-DA score plot, (b) permutation test results, and (c) histogram of VIP scores.
Figure 4
Figure 4
PLS-DA of HS-SPME-GC-MS data. (A) Superior freshness grade of domestic and imported fishmeal. (B) Corrupting grade of domestic and imported fishmeal. (C) Completed corruption grade of domestic and imported fishmeal. The figure includes (a) the PLS-DA score plot, (b) permutation test results, and (c) histogram of VIP scores.
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