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. 2024 Apr 25;24(9):2727.
doi: 10.3390/s24092727.

Faecal Volatile Organic Compound Analysis in De Novo Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry: A Case-Control Study

Eva Vermeer  1   2   3 , Jasmijn Z Jagt  1   2   3 , Trenton K Stewart  4 , James A Covington  4 , Eduard A Struys  5 , Robert de Jonge  5 , Nanne K H de Boer  2   6 , Tim G J de Meij  1   2   3
Affiliations

Faecal Volatile Organic Compound Analysis in De Novo Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry: A Case-Control Study

Eva Vermeer et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

The gut microbiota and its related metabolites differ between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and healthy controls. In this study, we compared faecal volatile organic compound (VOC) patterns of paediatric IBD patients and controls with gastrointestinal symptoms (CGIs). Additionally, we aimed to assess if baseline VOC profiles could predict treatment response in paediatric IBD patients. We collected faecal samples from a cohort of de novo therapy-naïve paediatric IBD patients and CGIs. VOCs were analysed using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). Response was defined as a combination of clinical response based on disease activity scores, without requiring treatment escalation. We included 109 paediatric IBD patients and 75 CGIs, aged 4 to 17 years. Faecal VOC profiles of paediatric IBD patients were distinguishable from those of CGIs (AUC ± 95% CI, p-values: 0.71 (0.64-0.79), <0.001). This discrimination was observed in both Crohn's disease (CD) (0.75 (0.67-0.84), <0.001) and ulcerative colitis (UC) (0.67 (0.56-0.78), 0.01) patients. VOC profiles between CD and UC patients were not distinguishable (0.57 (0.45-0.69), 0.87). Baseline VOC profiles of responders did not differ from non-responders (0.70 (0.58-0.83), 0.1). In conclusion, faecal VOC profiles of paediatric IBD patients differ significantly from those of CGIs.

Keywords: faecal volatile organic compounds; gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry; paediatric inflammatory bowel disease.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The standard topographic plot obtained in an IBD subject with the drift and retention time normalised (0–100). Abbreviations: IBD, inflammatory bowel disease.
Figure 2
Figure 2
ROC curves of VOC profiles for the discrimination of (A) IBD versus CGI; (B) CD versus CGI; (C) UC versus CGI; (D) CD versus UC; (E) responders versus non-responders. The ROC curves of the best-performing classification algorithms are shown, and AUC and 95% CI are reported. Abbreviations: IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; CGI, control with gastrointestinal symptoms; CD, Crohn’s disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; VOC, volatile organic compound; AUC, area under the curve; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
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