. 2024 May;27(5):e15178.

doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.15178.

Characteristics of emerging new autoimmune diseases after COVID-19 vaccination: A sub-study by the COVAD group

Russka Shumnalieva¹, Naveen Ravichandran², Jennifer Hannah³, Mahnoor Javaid⁴, Naitica Darooka⁵, Debaditya Roy⁶, Daniel E Gonzalez⁷, Tsvetelina Velikova⁸, Marcin Milchert⁹, Masataka Kuwana¹⁰, Mrudula Joshi¹¹, Abraham Edgar Gracia-Ramos¹², Peter Boyd¹³, Praggya Yaadav¹⁴, Karen Cheng¹⁵, Linda Kobert¹⁶, Lorenzo Cavagna¹⁷, Parikshit Sen¹⁸, Jessica Day^{19

20

21}, Ashima Makol²², Carlos Enrique Toro Gutiérrez²³, Carlo V Caballero-Uribe²⁴, Sreoshy Saha²⁵, Ioannis Parodis^{26

27}, Dzifa Dey²⁸, Elena Nikiphorou^{29

30}, Oliver Distler³¹, Esha Kadam⁵, Ai Lyn Tan^{32

33}, Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo³⁴, Nelly Ziade^{35

36}, Johannes Knitza^{37

38}, Hector Chinoy^{39

40

41}, Rohit Aggarwal⁴², Vikas Agarwal², Latika Gupta^{39

43}; COVAD Study Group

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

COVAD Study Group:
Arvind Nune, Yi-Ming Chen, Aarat Patel, Chris Wincup, Bhupen Barman, Erick Adrian Zamora Tehozol, Jorge Rojas Serrano, Ignacio García-De La Torre, Iris J Colunga-Pedraza, Javier Merayo-Chalico, Okwara Celestine Chibuzo, Leonardo Santos Hoff, Lina El Kibbi, Hussein Halabi, Binit Vaidya, A T M Tanveer Hasan, James B Lilleker, Babur Salim, Tamer Gheita, Miguel A Saavedra, Sinan Kardes, Laura Andreoli, Daniele Lini, Karen Schreiber, Melinda Nagy Vince, Yogesh Preet Singh, Rajiv Ranjan, Avinash Jain, Sapan C Pandya, Rakesh Kumar Pilania, Aman Sharma, M Manesh Manoj, Vikas Gupta, Chengappa G Kavadichanda, Pradeepta Sekhar Patro, Sajal Ajmani, Sanat Phatak, Rudra Prosad Goswami, Abhra Chandra Chowdhury, Ashish Jacob Mathew, Padnamabha Shenoy, Ajay Asranna, Keerthi Talari Bommakanti, Anuj Shukla, Arunkumar R Pande, Kunal Chandwar, Akanksha Ghodke, Hiya Boro, Zoha Zahid Fazal, Döndü Üsküdar Cansu, Reşit Yıldırım, Armen Yuri Gasparyan, Nicoletta Del Papa, Gianluca Sambataro, Atzeni Fabiola, Marcello Govoni, Simone Parisi, Elena Bartoloni Bocci, Gian Domenico Sebastiani, Enrico Fusaro, Marco Sebastiani, Luca Quartuccio, Franco Franceschini, Pier Paolo Sainaghi, Giovanni Orsolini, Rossella De Angelis, Maria Giovanna Danielli, Vincenzo Venerito, Silvia Grignaschi, Alessandro Giollo, Alessia Alluno, Florenzo Ioannone, Marco Fornaro, Lisa S Traboco, Suryo Anggoro Kusumo Wibowo, Jesús Loarce-Martos, Sergio Prieto-González, Raquel Aranega Gonzalez, Ran Nakashima, Shinji Sato, Naoki Kimura, Yuko Kaneko, Takahisa Gono, Stylianos Tomaras, Fabian Nikolai Proft, Marie-Therese Holzer, Margarita Aleksandrovna Gromova, Or Aharonov, Zoltán Griger, Ihsane Hmamouchi, Imane El Bouchti, Zineb Baba, Margherita Giannini, François Maurier, Julien Campagne, Alain Meyer, Daman Langguth, Vidya Limaye, Merrilee Needham, Nilesh Srivastav, Marie Hudson, Océane Landon-Cardinal, Wilmer Gerardo Rojas Zuleta, Álvaro Arbeláez, Javier Cajas, José António Pereira Silva, João Eurico Fonseca, Olena Zimba, Uyi Ima-Edomwonyi, Ibukunoluwa Dedeke, Emorinken Airenakho, Nwankwo Henry Madu, Abubakar Yerima, Hakeem Olaosebikan, A Becky, Oruma Devi Koussougbo, Elisa Palalane, Ho So, Manuel Francisco Ugarte-Gil, Lyn Chinchay, José Proaño Bernaola, Victorio Pimentel, Hanan Mohammed Fathi, Reem Hamdy A Mohammed, Ghita Harifi, Yurilís Fuentes-Silva, Karoll Cabriza, Jonathan Losanto, Nelly Colaman, Antonio Cachafeiro-Vilar, Generoso Guerra Bautista, Enrique Julio Giraldo Ho, Lilith Stange Nunez, M Cristian Vergara, Jossiell Then Báez, Hugo Alonzo, Carlos Benito Santiago Pastelin, Rodrigo García Salinas, Alejandro Quiñónez Obiols, Nilmo Chávez, Andrea Bran Ordóñez, Gil Alberto Reyes Llerena, Radames Sierra-Zorita, Dina Arrieta, Eduardo Romero Hidalgo, Ricardo Saenz, M Idania Escalante, Wendy Calapaqui, Ivonne Quezada, Gabriela Arredondo, Akira Yoshida, Keina Yomono, John D Pauling, Tulika Chatterjee, Wanruchada Katchamart, Phonpen Akarawatcharangura Goo, Vishwesh Agarwal

Affiliations

¹ Department of Rheumatology, Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski", Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
² Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
³ Department of Rheumatology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁴ Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
⁵ Seth Gordhandhas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edwards Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
⁶ Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
⁷ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Galveston, Texas, USA.
⁸ Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital "Lozenetz", Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria.
⁹ Department of Internal Diseases Rheumatology Diabetology Geriatrics and Clinical Immunology with the Sub-Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.
¹⁰ Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
¹¹ Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals, Pune, India.
¹² Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital, National Medical Center "La Raza", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹³ Chair of the EULAR PARE Committee and Services Support Officer with Arthritis Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁴ Maharashtra Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Latur, Maharashtra, India.
¹⁵ EU Patient Advocacy Lead, Myositis Support and Understanding (MSU), Lincoln, Delaware, USA.
¹⁶ Research and Communications Specialist, The Myositis Association (TMA), Columbia, Maryland, USA.
¹⁷ Rheumatology Unit, Dipartimento di Medicine Interna e Terapia Medica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
¹⁸ Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi, India.
¹⁹ Department of Rheumatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
²⁰ Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
²¹ Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
²² Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
²³ Reference Center for Osteoporosis, Rheumatology and Dermatology, Pontifica Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia.
²⁴ Department of Medicine, Hospital Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia.
²⁵ Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
²⁶ Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁷ Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
²⁸ Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry, Accra, Ghana.
²⁹ Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK.
³⁰ Rheumatology Department, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
³¹ Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³² NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK.
³³ Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
³⁴ Division of Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
³⁵ Rheumatology Department, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
³⁶ Rheumatology Department, Hotel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
³⁷ Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
³⁸ Institute for Digital Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
³⁹ Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁴⁰ National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁴¹ Department of Rheumatology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford, UK.
⁴² Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁴³ Department of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK.

PMID: 38742751
DOI: 10.1111/1756-185X.15178

Characteristics of emerging new autoimmune diseases after COVID-19 vaccination: A sub-study by the COVAD group

Russka Shumnalieva et al. Int J Rheum Dis. 2024 May.

. 2024 May;27(5):e15178.

doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.15178.

Authors

Collaborators

COVAD Study Group:
Arvind Nune, Yi-Ming Chen, Aarat Patel, Chris Wincup, Bhupen Barman, Erick Adrian Zamora Tehozol, Jorge Rojas Serrano, Ignacio García-De La Torre, Iris J Colunga-Pedraza, Javier Merayo-Chalico, Okwara Celestine Chibuzo, Leonardo Santos Hoff, Lina El Kibbi, Hussein Halabi, Binit Vaidya, A T M Tanveer Hasan, James B Lilleker, Babur Salim, Tamer Gheita, Miguel A Saavedra, Sinan Kardes, Laura Andreoli, Daniele Lini, Karen Schreiber, Melinda Nagy Vince, Yogesh Preet Singh, Rajiv Ranjan, Avinash Jain, Sapan C Pandya, Rakesh Kumar Pilania, Aman Sharma, M Manesh Manoj, Vikas Gupta, Chengappa G Kavadichanda, Pradeepta Sekhar Patro, Sajal Ajmani, Sanat Phatak, Rudra Prosad Goswami, Abhra Chandra Chowdhury, Ashish Jacob Mathew, Padnamabha Shenoy, Ajay Asranna, Keerthi Talari Bommakanti, Anuj Shukla, Arunkumar R Pande, Kunal Chandwar, Akanksha Ghodke, Hiya Boro, Zoha Zahid Fazal, Döndü Üsküdar Cansu, Reşit Yıldırım, Armen Yuri Gasparyan, Nicoletta Del Papa, Gianluca Sambataro, Atzeni Fabiola, Marcello Govoni, Simone Parisi, Elena Bartoloni Bocci, Gian Domenico Sebastiani, Enrico Fusaro, Marco Sebastiani, Luca Quartuccio, Franco Franceschini, Pier Paolo Sainaghi, Giovanni Orsolini, Rossella De Angelis, Maria Giovanna Danielli, Vincenzo Venerito, Silvia Grignaschi, Alessandro Giollo, Alessia Alluno, Florenzo Ioannone, Marco Fornaro, Lisa S Traboco, Suryo Anggoro Kusumo Wibowo, Jesús Loarce-Martos, Sergio Prieto-González, Raquel Aranega Gonzalez, Ran Nakashima, Shinji Sato, Naoki Kimura, Yuko Kaneko, Takahisa Gono, Stylianos Tomaras, Fabian Nikolai Proft, Marie-Therese Holzer, Margarita Aleksandrovna Gromova, Or Aharonov, Zoltán Griger, Ihsane Hmamouchi, Imane El Bouchti, Zineb Baba, Margherita Giannini, François Maurier, Julien Campagne, Alain Meyer, Daman Langguth, Vidya Limaye, Merrilee Needham, Nilesh Srivastav, Marie Hudson, Océane Landon-Cardinal, Wilmer Gerardo Rojas Zuleta, Álvaro Arbeláez, Javier Cajas, José António Pereira Silva, João Eurico Fonseca, Olena Zimba, Uyi Ima-Edomwonyi, Ibukunoluwa Dedeke, Emorinken Airenakho, Nwankwo Henry Madu, Abubakar Yerima, Hakeem Olaosebikan, A Becky, Oruma Devi Koussougbo, Elisa Palalane, Ho So, Manuel Francisco Ugarte-Gil, Lyn Chinchay, José Proaño Bernaola, Victorio Pimentel, Hanan Mohammed Fathi, Reem Hamdy A Mohammed, Ghita Harifi, Yurilís Fuentes-Silva, Karoll Cabriza, Jonathan Losanto, Nelly Colaman, Antonio Cachafeiro-Vilar, Generoso Guerra Bautista, Enrique Julio Giraldo Ho, Lilith Stange Nunez, M Cristian Vergara, Jossiell Then Báez, Hugo Alonzo, Carlos Benito Santiago Pastelin, Rodrigo García Salinas, Alejandro Quiñónez Obiols, Nilmo Chávez, Andrea Bran Ordóñez, Gil Alberto Reyes Llerena, Radames Sierra-Zorita, Dina Arrieta, Eduardo Romero Hidalgo, Ricardo Saenz, M Idania Escalante, Wendy Calapaqui, Ivonne Quezada, Gabriela Arredondo, Akira Yoshida, Keina Yomono, John D Pauling, Tulika Chatterjee, Wanruchada Katchamart, Phonpen Akarawatcharangura Goo, Vishwesh Agarwal

Affiliations

¹ Department of Rheumatology, Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski", Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
² Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
³ Department of Rheumatology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁴ Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
⁵ Seth Gordhandhas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edwards Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
⁶ Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
⁷ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Galveston, Texas, USA.
⁸ Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital "Lozenetz", Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria.
⁹ Department of Internal Diseases Rheumatology Diabetology Geriatrics and Clinical Immunology with the Sub-Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.
¹⁰ Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
¹¹ Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals, Pune, India.
¹² Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital, National Medical Center "La Raza", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹³ Chair of the EULAR PARE Committee and Services Support Officer with Arthritis Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁴ Maharashtra Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Latur, Maharashtra, India.
¹⁵ EU Patient Advocacy Lead, Myositis Support and Understanding (MSU), Lincoln, Delaware, USA.
¹⁶ Research and Communications Specialist, The Myositis Association (TMA), Columbia, Maryland, USA.
¹⁷ Rheumatology Unit, Dipartimento di Medicine Interna e Terapia Medica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
¹⁸ Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi, India.
¹⁹ Department of Rheumatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
²⁰ Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
²¹ Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
²² Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
²³ Reference Center for Osteoporosis, Rheumatology and Dermatology, Pontifica Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia.
²⁴ Department of Medicine, Hospital Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia.
²⁵ Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
²⁶ Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁷ Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
²⁸ Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry, Accra, Ghana.
²⁹ Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK.
³⁰ Rheumatology Department, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
³¹ Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³² NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK.
³³ Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
³⁴ Division of Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
³⁵ Rheumatology Department, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
³⁶ Rheumatology Department, Hotel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
³⁷ Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
³⁸ Institute for Digital Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
³⁹ Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁴⁰ National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁴¹ Department of Rheumatology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford, UK.
⁴² Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁴³ Department of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK.

PMID: 38742751
DOI: 10.1111/1756-185X.15178

Abstract

Background: Despite the overall safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations, rare cases of systemic autoimmune diseases (SAIDs) have been reported post-vaccination. This study used a global survey to analyze SAIDs in susceptible individuals' post-vaccination.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among participants with self-reported new-onset SAIDs using the COVID-19 Vaccination in Autoimmune Diseases (COVAD) 2 study dataset-a validated, patient-reported e-survey-to analyze the long-term safety of COVID-19 vaccines. Baseline characteristics of patients with new-onset SAIDs and vaccinated healthy controls (HCs) were compared after propensity score matching based on age and sex in a 1:4 ratio.

Results: Of 16 750 individuals, 74 (median age 52 years, 79.9% females, and 76.7% Caucasians) had new-onset SAID post-vaccination, mainly idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) (n = 23, 31.51%), arthritis (n = 15; 20.53%), and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) (n = 12, 16.40%). Higher odds of new-onset SAIDs were noted among Caucasians (OR = 5.3; 95% CI = 2.9-9.7; p < .001) and Moderna vaccine recipients (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.3-5.3; p = .004). New-onset SAIDs were associated with AID multimorbidity (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.1-1.7; p < .001), mental health disorders (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.3-1.9; p < .001), and mixed race (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.2-4.2; p = .010), where those aged >60 years (OR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.4-0.8; p = .007) and from high/medium human development index (HDI) countries (compared to very high HDI) reported fewer events than HCs.

Conclusion: This study reports a low occurrence of new-onset SAIDs following COVID-19 vaccination, primarily IIMs, PMR, and inflammatory arthritis. Identified risk factors included pre-existing AID multimorbidity, mental health diseases, and mixed race. Revaccination was well tolerated by most patients; therefore, we recommend continuing COVID-19 vaccination in the general population. However, long-term studies are needed to understand the autoimmune phenomena arising post-vaccination.

Keywords: COVID‐19; SAIDs; autoimmune diseases; idiopathic inflammatory myopathies; vaccination.

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A possible role for immunogenetic factors in myositis developing after vaccination in the pre-covid-19 era.
Alhassan E, Patnaik A, Shamim EA, Pandey JP, Rider LG, Miller FW. Alhassan E, et al. Front Immunol. 2025 Aug 15;16:1539659. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1539659. eCollection 2025. Front Immunol. 2025. PMID: 40895572 Free PMC article.

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Characteristics of emerging new autoimmune diseases after COVID-19 vaccination: A sub-study by the COVAD group

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Characteristics of emerging new autoimmune diseases after COVID-19 vaccination: A sub-study by the COVAD group

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