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. 2024 May 9:19:4137-4162.
doi: 10.2147/IJN.S452889. eCollection 2024.

An Eco-Friendly Synthesis Approach for Enhanced Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Properties of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Coelastrella terrestris Algal Extract

Manisha Khandelwal  1 , Sunita Choudhary  2 , Harish  2 , Ashok Kumawat  3 , Kamakhya Prakash Misra  3 , Yogeshwari Vyas  1 , Bhavya Singh  4 , Devendra Singh Rathore  4 , Kanchan Soni  3 , Ashima Bagaria  3 , Rama Kanwar Khangarot  1
Affiliations

An Eco-Friendly Synthesis Approach for Enhanced Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Properties of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Coelastrella terrestris Algal Extract

Manisha Khandelwal et al. Int J Nanomedicine. .

Abstract

Background: In the current scenario, the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using environmentally benign methods has gained significant attention due to their facile processes, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendly nature.

Methods: In the present study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using aqueous extract of Coelastrella terrestris algae as a reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent. The synthesized CuO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).

Results: XRD investigation revealed that the biosynthesized CuO NPs were nanocrystalline with high-phase purity and size in the range of 4.26 nm to 28.51 nm. FTIR spectra confirmed the existence of secondary metabolites on the surface of the synthesized CuO NPs, with characteristic Cu-O vibrations being identified around 600 cm-1, 496 cm-1, and 440 cm-1. The FE-SEM images predicted that the enhancement of the algal extract amount converted the flattened rice-like structures of CuO NPs into flower petal-like structures. Furthermore, the degradation ability of biosynthesized CuO NPs was investigated against Amido black 10B (AB10B) dye. The results displayed that the optimal degradation efficacy of AB10B dye was 94.19%, obtained at 6 pH, 50 ppm concentration of dye, and 0.05 g dosage of CuO NPs in 90 min with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.0296 min-1. The CuO-1 NPs synthesized through algae exhibited notable antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 22 mm and against P. aeruginosa with a ZOI of 17 mm.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that utilizing Coelastrella terrestris algae for the synthesis of CuO NPs presents a promising solution for addressing environmental contamination.

Keywords: CuO NPs; antibacterial activity; green synthesis; photocatalysis; wastewater treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Figures

None
Graphical abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic illustration of the biological and chemical synthesis of CuO NPs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A plausible mechanism of algal-mediated biosynthesis of CuO NPs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
XRD patterns of the biosynthesized CuO NPs (CuO-1, CuO-2, and CuO-3) and chemically synthesized CuO NPs (CuO-4).
Figure 4
Figure 4
W-H plot of the biosynthesized CuO NPs (CuO-1, CuO-2, and CuO-3) and chemically synthesized (CuO-4). The standard error bars demonstrate the uncertainties.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Particle size analysis using DLS of the biosynthesized CuO NPs (CuO-1, CuO-2, and CuO-3) and chemically synthesized CuO NPs (CuO-4).
Figure 6
Figure 6
FTIR spectra of algal extract, biosynthesized CuO NPs (CuO-1, CuO-2, and CuO-3), and chemically synthesized CuO NPs (CuO-4).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Tauc’s plot of the biosynthesized CuO NPs (CuO-1, CuO-2, and CuO-3) and chemically synthesized CuO NPs (CuO-4).
Figure 8
Figure 8
FE-SEM image of the biosynthesized CuO NPs (CuO-1, CuO-2, and CuO-3) and chemically synthesized CuO NPs (CuO-4).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Evolution of CuO nanostructure into the nanoassembly (flower).
Figure 10
Figure 10
EDS spectra of the biosynthesized CuO NPs (CuO-1, CuO-2, and CuO-3) and chemically synthesized CuO NPs (CuO-4).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Structure of AB10B dye.
Figure 12
Figure 12
(A) Relative examinations of the decay rate of the AB10B dye using the catalyst in the dark, without catalyst in light, CuO-1 (in light), CuO-2 (in light), CuO-3 (in light), and CuO-4 (in light); Experimental study of Effect of (B) pH (C) dye concentration (D) catalyst dosage on the degradation of AB10B dye using CuO-1 catalyst.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Graphical representation of CuO-1 reusability.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Kinetic investigation of the photocatalytic degradation of AB10B dye after optimizing all the parameters at pH = 6, the concentration of dye = 50 ppm, and the dose of catalyst = 0.05 g.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Examining the effect of distinct scavengers on the degradation of AB10B using CuO-1.
Figure 16
Figure 16
A plausible mechanism of degradation of AB10B dye using CuO-1 nano photocatalyst.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Mechanism pathway of the degradation of AB10B dye.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Bar graph showing MIC value (μg/mL) for different concentrations of CuO NPs, antibiotics/positive control, and negative control against (A) S. aureus and (B) P. aeruginosa bacterial strains.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Antagonistic activity of biosynthesized CuO NPs (CuO-1, CuO-2, CuO-3), chemically synthesized CuO NPs (CuO-4), antibiotic/positive control, and negative control against test pathogens (A) S. aureus and (B) P. aeruginosa utilizing the disc diffusion method.
Figure 19
Figure 19
A plausible antibacterial mechanism of synthesized CuO NPs.
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