Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia on lipoprotein apheresis initiated during childhood: long-term follow-up of an international cohort from two registries

Abstract

Background: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HoFH) is a rare genetic disease characterised by extremely high plasma LDL cholesterol from birth, causing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease at a young age. Lipoprotein apheresis in combination with lipid-lowering drugs effectively reduce LDL cholesterol, but long-term health outcomes of such treatment are unknown. We aimed to investigate the long-term cardiovascular outcomes associated with lipoprotein apheresis initiated in childhood or adolescence.

Methods: In this cohort study, data were drawn from the HoFH International Clinical Collaboration (HICC) and the international registry for Children with Homozygous Hypercholesterolemia on Lipoprotein Apheresis (CHAIN). An overall cohort included patients diagnosed with HoFH aged 0-18 years who were alive and in follow-up between Jan 1, 2010, and Nov 8, 2021, and whose high plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations made them eligible for lipoprotein apheresis. To compare cardiovascular outcomes, patients who initiated lipoprotein apheresis in childhood (lipoprotein apheresis group) and patients who only received lipid-lowering drugs (pharmacotherapy-only group) were matched by sex and untreated plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, aortic valve replacement, peripheral artery disease, carotid endarterectomy, angina pectoris, and supra-aortic or aortic stenosis (collectively referred to as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), for which survival analyses were performed in the matched cohort. Cox regression analyses were used to compare disease-free survival between cohorts and to calculate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI adjusted for sex, age at diagnosis, untreated plasma LDL cholesterol concentration, and number of lipid-lowering therapies other than lipoprotein apheresis.

Findings: The overall cohort included 404 patients with a median age at diagnosis of 6·0 years (IQR 3·0-9·5) and median untreated plasma LDL cholesterol of 17·8 mmol/L (14·7-20·8). The matched cohorts included 250 patients (125 patients per group), with a median untreated LDL cholesterol of 17·2 mmol/L (14·8-19·7). Mean reduction in plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations between baseline and final follow-up was greater in the lipoprotein apheresis group (-55% [95% CI -60 to -51] vs -31% [-36 to -25]; p<0·0001). Patients in the lipoprotein apheresis group had longer atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease-free survival (adjusted HR 0·52 [95% CI 0·32-0·85]) and longer cardiovascular death-free survival (0·0301 [0·0021-0·4295]). Cardiovascular death was more common in the pharmacotherapy-only group than in the lipoprotein apheresis group (ten [8%] vs one [1%]; p=0·010), whereas median age at coronary artery bypass grafting was lower in the lipoprotein apheresis group than in the pharmacotherapy-only group (15·0 years [IQR 12·0-24·0] vs 30·5 years [19·0-33·8]; p=0·037).

Interpretation: Among patients with HoFH, lipoprotein apheresis initiated during childhood and adolescence is associated with reduced long-term risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and death, and clear benefits of early initiation of high-frequency treatment on reducing plasma cholesterol were found. Consensus recommendations are now needed to guide more widespread and timely use of lipoprotein apheresis for children with HoFH, and research is required to further optimise treatment and ensure benefits of early and aggressive treatment delivery are balanced against effects on quality of life.

Funding: Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; European Atherosclerosis Society; and the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health.

Figure 1 –. Flowchart of selection of the study population

*Based on lipid levels: untreated LDL-C <13 mmol/L or untreated TC <15 mmol/L (see methods section) ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CHAIN, Children with Homozygous hypercholesterolemia on lipoprotein Apheresis: an INternational registry; HICC, HoFH, the International Clinical Collaborators; LA, lipoprotein apheresis; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LLT, lipid-lowering therapy.

Figure 2 –. Mean percentage LDL-C reduction between baseline LDL-C levels and most recent LDL-C levels

The mean (±95%CI) percentage LDL-C reduction was larger in patients in the LA+, using the Kroon equation, compared with the LA− group (−55·2, 95%CI −36 to −25 versus −30·8, 95%CI −60 to −51, *p<0·001). Six patients who had undergone liver transplantation were excluded from this analysis.

Figure 3 –. Event-free survival from ASCVD and cardiovascular death

1A: Median survival-time was 23 [95% CI 20–32] years in the LA− group versus 30 [95% CI 27-NA] years in the LA+ group. *Hazard ratio was adjusted for sex, age at diagnosis, untreated LDL-C level and number of LLTs other than LA. ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; LA, lipoprotein apheresis.