. 2024 Sep;22(9):1889-1897.e12.

doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2024.03.049. Epub 2024 May 16.

Environmental Factors Associated With Risk of Crohn's Disease Development in the Crohn's and Colitis Canada - Genetic, Environmental, Microbial Project

Mingyue Xue¹, Haim Leibovitzh², Shao Jingcheng³, Anna Neustaeter¹, Mei Dong³, Wei Xu³, Osvaldo Espin-Garcia⁴, Anne M Griffiths⁵, A Hillary Steinhart², Dan Turner⁶, Hien Q Huynh⁷, Levinus A Dieleman⁸, Remo Panaccione⁹, Guy Aumais¹⁰, Brian Bressler¹¹, Alain Bitton¹², Sanjay Murthy¹³, John K Marshall¹⁴, Jeffrey S Hyams¹⁵, Anthony Otley¹⁶, Charles N Bernstein¹⁷, Paul Moayyedi¹⁴, Wael El-Matary¹⁸, Alexander Fich¹⁹, Lee A Denson²⁰, Mark J Ropeleski²¹, Maria T Abreu²², Colette Deslandres²³, Maria Cino²⁴, Irit Avni-Biron²⁵, Sun-Ho Lee², Williams Turpin²⁶; CCC GEM Project Research Consortium; Kenneth Croitoru⁵⁷

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

CCC GEM Project Research Consortium:
Maria Abreu²⁷, Paul Beck²⁸, Charles Bernstein²⁹, Kenneth Croitoru³⁰, Levinus A Dieleman³¹, Brian Feagan³², Anne Griffiths³³, David Guttman³⁴, Kevan Jacobson³⁵, Gilaad Kaplan²⁸, Denis O Krause³⁶, Karen Madsen³⁷, John Marshall³⁸, Paul Moayyedi³⁸, Mark Ropeleski³⁹, Ernest Seidman⁴⁰, Mark Silverberg⁴¹, Scott Snapper⁴², Andy Stadnyk⁴³, Hillary Steinhart⁴¹, Michael Surette⁴⁴, Dan Turner⁶, Thomas Walters⁴⁵, Bruce Vallance⁴⁶, Guy Aumais⁴⁷, Alain Bitton⁴⁰, Maria Cino⁴¹, Jeff Critch⁴⁸, Lee Denson²⁰, Colette Deslandres⁴⁹, Wael El-Matary⁵⁰, Hans Herfarth⁵¹, Peter Higgins⁵², Hien Huynh⁷, Jeffrey S Hyams¹⁵, David Mack⁵³, Jerry McGrath⁵⁴, Anthony Otley⁵⁵, Remo Panancionne⁵⁶

Affiliations

¹ Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
² Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³ Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁵ IBD Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁶ The Juliet Keidan Institute of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
⁷ Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁸ Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁹ Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
¹⁰ Hôspital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine, Montreal University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
¹¹ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia.
¹² Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
¹³ The Ottawa Hospital IBD Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁴ Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁵ Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut.
¹⁶ Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
¹⁷ Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre, and Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
¹⁸ Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
¹⁹ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
²⁰ Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
²¹ Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
²² Division of Gastroenterology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
²³ Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
²⁴ Division of Gastroenterology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
²⁵ Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.
²⁶ Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: wturpin@lunenfeld.ca.
²⁷ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
²⁸ Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
²⁹ Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre and Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
³⁰ Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³¹ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
³² Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
³³ Division of Gastroenterology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³⁴ Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³⁵ Research Institute, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
³⁶ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
³⁷ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
³⁸ Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
³⁹ Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
⁴⁰ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
⁴¹ Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁴² Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁴³ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
⁴⁴ Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
⁴⁵ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁴⁶ BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁴⁷ Biostatistics Department, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁴⁸ Janeway Children's Health and Rehabilitation Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
⁴⁹ Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
⁵⁰ Pediatric Gastroenterology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
⁵¹ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
⁵² Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
⁵³ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁵⁴ Provincial Medical Genetics Program, Eastern Health, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
⁵⁵ Division of Gastroenterology, Izaak Walton Killam Hospital, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
⁵⁶ Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
⁵⁷ Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: ken.croitoru@sinaihealth.ca.

PMID: 38759825
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2024.03.049

Environmental Factors Associated With Risk of Crohn's Disease Development in the Crohn's and Colitis Canada - Genetic, Environmental, Microbial Project

Mingyue Xue et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024 Sep.

. 2024 Sep;22(9):1889-1897.e12.

doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2024.03.049. Epub 2024 May 16.

Authors

Collaborators

CCC GEM Project Research Consortium:
Maria Abreu²⁷, Paul Beck²⁸, Charles Bernstein²⁹, Kenneth Croitoru³⁰, Levinus A Dieleman³¹, Brian Feagan³², Anne Griffiths³³, David Guttman³⁴, Kevan Jacobson³⁵, Gilaad Kaplan²⁸, Denis O Krause³⁶, Karen Madsen³⁷, John Marshall³⁸, Paul Moayyedi³⁸, Mark Ropeleski³⁹, Ernest Seidman⁴⁰, Mark Silverberg⁴¹, Scott Snapper⁴², Andy Stadnyk⁴³, Hillary Steinhart⁴¹, Michael Surette⁴⁴, Dan Turner⁶, Thomas Walters⁴⁵, Bruce Vallance⁴⁶, Guy Aumais⁴⁷, Alain Bitton⁴⁰, Maria Cino⁴¹, Jeff Critch⁴⁸, Lee Denson²⁰, Colette Deslandres⁴⁹, Wael El-Matary⁵⁰, Hans Herfarth⁵¹, Peter Higgins⁵², Hien Huynh⁷, Jeffrey S Hyams¹⁵, David Mack⁵³, Jerry McGrath⁵⁴, Anthony Otley⁵⁵, Remo Panancionne⁵⁶

Affiliations

¹ Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
² Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³ Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁵ IBD Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁶ The Juliet Keidan Institute of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
⁷ Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁸ Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁹ Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
¹⁰ Hôspital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine, Montreal University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
¹¹ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia.
¹² Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
¹³ The Ottawa Hospital IBD Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁴ Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁵ Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut.
¹⁶ Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
¹⁷ Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre, and Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
¹⁸ Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
¹⁹ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
²⁰ Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
²¹ Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
²² Division of Gastroenterology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
²³ Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
²⁴ Division of Gastroenterology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
²⁵ Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.
²⁶ Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: wturpin@lunenfeld.ca.
²⁷ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
²⁸ Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
²⁹ Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre and Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
³⁰ Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³¹ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
³² Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
³³ Division of Gastroenterology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³⁴ Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³⁵ Research Institute, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
³⁶ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
³⁷ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
³⁸ Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
³⁹ Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
⁴⁰ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
⁴¹ Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁴² Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁴³ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
⁴⁴ Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
⁴⁵ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁴⁶ BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁴⁷ Biostatistics Department, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁴⁸ Janeway Children's Health and Rehabilitation Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
⁴⁹ Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
⁵⁰ Pediatric Gastroenterology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
⁵¹ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
⁵² Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
⁵³ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁵⁴ Provincial Medical Genetics Program, Eastern Health, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
⁵⁵ Division of Gastroenterology, Izaak Walton Killam Hospital, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
⁵⁶ Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
⁵⁷ Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: ken.croitoru@sinaihealth.ca.

PMID: 38759825
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2024.03.049

Abstract

Background & aims: To date, it is unclear how environmental factors influence Crohn's disease (CD) risk and how they interact with biological processes. This study investigates the association between environmental exposures and CD risk and evaluates their association with pre-disease biomarkers.

Methods: We studied 4289 healthy first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with CD from the Crohn's and Colitis Canada - Genetic, Environmental, Microbial (CCC-GEM) project. Regression models identified environmental factors associated with future CD onset and their association with pre-disease biological factors, including altered intestinal permeability measured by urinary fractional excretion of lactulose to mannitol ratio (LMR); gut inflammation via fecal calprotectin (FCP) levels; and fecal microbiome composition through 16S rRNA sequencing.

Results: Over a 5.62-year median follow-up, 86 FDRs developed CD. Living with a dog between ages 5 and 15 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.96; P = .034), and living with a large family size in the first year of life (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.85; P = .016) were associated with decreased CD risk, whereas having a bird at the time of recruitment (HR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.36-5.68; P = .005) was associated with an increased CD risk. Furthermore, living with a dog was associated with reduced LMR, altered relative abundance of multiple bacterial genera, and increased Chao1 diversity, whereas bird owners had higher FCP levels. Large family during participants' first year of life was associated with altered microbiota composition without affecting FCP or LMR.

Conclusion: This study identifies environmental variables associated with CD risk. These variables were also associated with altered barrier function, subclinical inflammation, and gut microbiome composition shifts, suggesting potential roles in CD pathogenesis.

Keywords: Crohn’s Disease; Environmental Factors; Gut Inflammation; Gut Microbiome; Intestinal Permeability.

PubMed Disclaimer

Cited by

The treatment naïve microbiome of pediatric ulcerative colitis and microbial therapeutics: A humbling challenge.
Kellermayer R. Kellermayer R. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2025 Jan 1;31(1):1-4. doi: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_360_24. Epub 2024 Oct 28. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2025. PMID: 39465691 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
Are Education, Socioeconomic Status, and Household Size Dependent Variables Influencing the Developmental Origins of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
Kellermayer R. Kellermayer R. United European Gastroenterol J. 2025 Jun;13(5):843-844. doi: 10.1002/ueg2.70018. Epub 2025 Mar 23. United European Gastroenterol J. 2025. PMID: 40122616 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
Characterization of the salivary microbiome of adults with inflammatory bowel disease.
DeClercq V, Wright RJ, van Limbergen J, Langille MGI. DeClercq V, et al. J Oral Microbiol. 2025 Apr 30;17(1):2499923. doi: 10.1080/20002297.2025.2499923. eCollection 2025. J Oral Microbiol. 2025. PMID: 40322049 Free PMC article.
Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Romania: The First Epidemiological Study of the North-West Region (2000-2020).
Tartamus Tita GV, Serban DE, Fogas CR, Tantau MV. Tartamus Tita GV, et al. Children (Basel). 2025 Mar 22;12(4):403. doi: 10.3390/children12040403. Children (Basel). 2025. PMID: 40310072 Free PMC article.
Si-Ni Decoction as a Potential Treatment for Ulcerative Colitis: Modulation of Gut Microbiota and AKT1 Inhibition Through Network Pharmacology and in vivo Validation.
Shi L, Chen L, Jin G, Yang Y, Zhu F, Zhou G. Shi L, et al. J Inflamm Res. 2025 May 14;18:6263-6280. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S516556. eCollection 2025. J Inflamm Res. 2025. PMID: 40391232 Free PMC article.

See all "Cited by" articles

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Substances

Actions
Actions
Actions

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information
Research Materials
- NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Environmental Factors Associated With Risk of Crohn's Disease Development in the Crohn's and Colitis Canada - Genetic, Environmental, Microbial Project

Collaborators

Affiliations

Environmental Factors Associated With Risk of Crohn's Disease Development in the Crohn's and Colitis Canada - Genetic, Environmental, Microbial Project

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Similar articles

Cited by

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Research Materials

Abstract

Similar articles

Cited by

MeSH terms

Substances

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Research Materials