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Meta-Analysis
. 2024 May 20;5(5):CD015328.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015328.pub2.

Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old

Francesca Spiga  1 , Annabel L Davies  1 , Eve Tomlinson  1 , Theresa Hm Moore  1   2 , Sarah Dawson  2   1 , Katie Breheny  1 , Jelena Savović  1   2 , Yang Gao  3 , Sophie M Phillips  4   5   6 , Frances Hillier-Brown  5   7 , Rebecca K Hodder  8   9   10   11 , Luke Wolfenden  8   9 , Julian Pt Higgins  1   2   12 , Carolyn D Summerbell  4   5
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old

Francesca Spiga et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Prevention of obesity in children is an international public health priority given the prevalence of the condition (and its significant impact on health, development and well-being). Interventions that aim to prevent obesity involve behavioural change strategies that promote healthy eating or 'activity' levels (physical activity, sedentary behaviour and/or sleep) or both, and work by reducing energy intake and/or increasing energy expenditure, respectively. There is uncertainty over which approaches are more effective and numerous new studies have been published over the last five years, since the previous version of this Cochrane review.

Objectives: To assess the effects of interventions that aim to prevent obesity in children by modifying dietary intake or 'activity' levels, or a combination of both, on changes in BMI, zBMI score and serious adverse events.

Search methods: We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was February 2023.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials in children (mean age 5 years and above but less than 12 years), comparing diet or 'activity' interventions (or both) to prevent obesity with no intervention, usual care, or with another eligible intervention, in any setting. Studies had to measure outcomes at a minimum of 12 weeks post baseline. We excluded interventions designed primarily to improve sporting performance.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our outcomes were body mass index (BMI), zBMI score and serious adverse events, assessed at short- (12 weeks to < 9 months from baseline), medium- (9 months to < 15 months) and long-term (≥ 15 months) follow-up. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome.

Main results: This review includes 172 studies (189,707 participants); 149 studies (160,267 participants) were included in meta-analyses. One hundred forty-six studies were based in high-income countries. The main setting for intervention delivery was schools (111 studies), followed by the community (15 studies), the home (eight studies) and a clinical setting (seven studies); one intervention was conducted by telehealth and 31 studies were conducted in more than one setting. Eighty-six interventions were implemented for less than nine months; the shortest was conducted over one visit and the longest over four years. Non-industry funding was declared by 132 studies; 24 studies were funded in part or wholly by industry. Dietary interventions versus control Dietary interventions, compared with control, may have little to no effect on BMI at short-term follow-up (mean difference (MD) 0, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.10 to 0.10; 5 studies, 2107 participants; low-certainty evidence) and at medium-term follow-up (MD -0.01, 95% CI -0.15 to 0.12; 9 studies, 6815 participants; low-certainty evidence) or zBMI at long-term follow-up (MD -0.05, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.01; 7 studies, 5285 participants; low-certainty evidence). Dietary interventions, compared with control, probably have little to no effect on BMI at long-term follow-up (MD -0.17, 95% CI -0.48 to 0.13; 2 studies, 945 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) and zBMI at short- or medium-term follow-up (MD -0.06, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.01; 8 studies, 3695 participants; MD -0.04, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.02; 9 studies, 7048 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Five studies (1913 participants; very low-certainty evidence) reported data on serious adverse events: one reported serious adverse events (e.g. allergy, behavioural problems and abdominal discomfort) that may have occurred as a result of the intervention; four reported no effect. Activity interventions versus control Activity interventions, compared with control, may have little to no effect on BMI and zBMI at short-term or long-term follow-up (BMI short-term: MD -0.02, 95% CI -0.17 to 0.13; 14 studies, 4069 participants; zBMI short-term: MD -0.02, 95% CI -0.07 to 0.02; 6 studies, 3580 participants; low-certainty evidence; BMI long-term: MD -0.07, 95% CI -0.24 to 0.10; 8 studies, 8302 participants; zBMI long-term: MD -0.02, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.04; 6 studies, 6940 participants; low-certainty evidence). Activity interventions likely result in a slight reduction of BMI and zBMI at medium-term follow-up (BMI: MD -0.11, 95% CI -0.18 to -0.05; 16 studies, 21,286 participants; zBMI: MD -0.05, 95% CI -0.09 to -0.02; 13 studies, 20,600 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Eleven studies (21,278 participants; low-certainty evidence) reported data on serious adverse events; one study reported two minor ankle sprains and one study reported the incident rate of adverse events (e.g. musculoskeletal injuries) that may have occurred as a result of the intervention; nine studies reported no effect. Dietary and activity interventions versus control Dietary and activity interventions, compared with control, may result in a slight reduction in BMI and zBMI at short-term follow-up (BMI: MD -0.11, 95% CI -0.21 to -0.01; 27 studies, 16,066 participants; zBMI: MD -0.03, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.00; 26 studies, 12,784 participants; low-certainty evidence) and likely result in a reduction of BMI and zBMI at medium-term follow-up (BMI: MD -0.11, 95% CI -0.21 to 0.00; 21 studies, 17,547 participants; zBMI: MD -0.05, 95% CI -0.07 to -0.02; 24 studies, 20,998 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Dietary and activity interventions compared with control may result in little to no difference in BMI and zBMI at long-term follow-up (BMI: MD 0.03, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.16; 16 studies, 22,098 participants; zBMI: MD -0.02, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.01; 22 studies, 23,594 participants; low-certainty evidence). Nineteen studies (27,882 participants; low-certainty evidence) reported data on serious adverse events: four studies reported occurrence of serious adverse events (e.g. injuries, low levels of extreme dieting behaviour); 15 studies reported no effect. Heterogeneity was apparent in the results for all outcomes at the three follow-up times, which could not be explained by the main setting of the interventions (school, home, school and home, other), country income status (high-income versus non-high-income), participants' socioeconomic status (low versus mixed) and duration of the intervention. Most studies excluded children with a mental or physical disability.

Authors' conclusions: The body of evidence in this review demonstrates that a range of school-based 'activity' interventions, alone or in combination with dietary interventions, may have a modest beneficial effect on obesity in childhood at short- and medium-term, but not at long-term follow-up. Dietary interventions alone may result in little to no difference. Limited evidence of low quality was identified on the effect of dietary and/or activity interventions on severe adverse events and health inequalities; exploratory analyses of these data suggest no meaningful impact. We identified a dearth of evidence for home and community-based settings (e.g. delivered through local youth groups), for children living with disabilities and indicators of health inequities.

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Conflict of interest statement

  1. Francesca Spiga: declares that they have no conflict of interest.

  2. Eve Tomlinson: declares that they have no conflict of interest.

  3. Annabel Davies: declares that they have no conflict of interest.

  4. Theresa HM Moore: reports being employed by Cochrane as a Methodology Editor, and was not part of the peer review process for this review. The author was not involved in the editorial process.

  5. Katie Breheny: receives support from the National Institute for Health Research(NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration ARC West and Alzheimer’s Society and is funded through a Post‐Doctoral Fellowship. Previously, Katie Breheny received support from the NIHR School for Public Health Research (SPHR) through a Post‐Doctoral Launching Fellowship. KB was involved in Breheny 2020: Effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of the Daily Mile. This was funded by an NIHR Career Development Fellowship (awarded to Professor Emma Frew) and Birmingham City Council, through a Section 106 agreement. Neither the NIHR Academy nor Birmingham City Council had any role in this review, and Katie Breheny was not involved in assessing its eligibility, extracting data or assessing the risk of bias or GRADE for Breheny 2020.

  6. Sarah Dawson: reports being employed by Cochrane as an Information Specialist (Common Mental Disorders Group). The author was not involved in the editorial process.

  7. Jelena Savovic: reports being a Cochrane member. Cochrane has published previous reviews on this topic. JS has received payment from Core Models Ltd. in 2021 to deliver online teaching of introductory systematic review methods.

  8. Yang Gao: declares that they have no conflict of interest.

  9. Sophie M Phillips: declares that they have no conflict of interest.

  10. Frances Hillier‐Brown: declares that they have no conflict of interest.

  11. Rebecca K Hodder: reports working as a Program Manager, Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, responsible for the delivery of chronic disease prevention programmes in secondary schools. RKH works as a research associate for Cochrane Public Health and had no role in the editorial process for the review.

  12. Luke Wolfenden: reports research grants to undertake trials likely to be included in the review; paid to University of Newcastle. LW reports that he benefited financially from these payments and/or has access to or control of the funds. LW reports involvement in conducting one study included in the work: Barnes 2021. LW was not involved in decisions regarding study selection, data extraction, assessment of risk of bias or grading of the certainty of the evidence (GRADE) for this study. LW has received funding, via grants awarded to his institution, for his time to undertake research, and to conduct research trials including activities from study development, conduct, analysis and reporting from NSW Ministry of Health, Nib Foundation, Heart Foundation and National Health and Medical Research Council. LW reports that he has published numerous opinions, commentary or editorials on topics pertaining to chronic disease prevention, healthy eating, physical activity and obesity. LW reports working as a health promotion programme manager at Hunter New England Local Health District, a government‐funded health service. LW is Co‐ordinating Editor of Cochrane Public Health; however, he was not involved in any stage of the editorial management or assessment of this review.

  13. Julian PT Higgins: receives support from the National Institute for Health Research (Public Health Research, NIHR131572).

  14. Carolyn D Summerbell: reports being affiliated with the WHO, and contributed to their work for their 'Ending Childhood Obesity' report.

Figures

1
1
Study selection process. **Source from included studies, ongoing studies and studies awaiting classification.
2
2
Distribution of studies by location, type of intervention and setting. aTotal n = 172 RCTs (n = 208 active intervention arms) were conducted worldwide; eight RCTs included treatment arms for more than one intervention type; 17 RCTs included more than one treatment arm for the same intervention type. bTotaln = 73 RCTs (n = 93 active intervention arms) were conducted in North America; five RCTs included treatment arms for more than one intervention type (Ickovics 2019; Robinson 2003; Robinson 2010; Stettler 2015; van de Berg 2020); 11 RCTs included more than one treatment arm for the same intervention type (Beech 2003; Branscum 2013; Crespo 2012; Epstein 2001; Hannon 2018; Muzaffar 2019; Razani 2018; Safdie 2013; Tanskey 2017; Topham 2021; Williamson 2012). cTotaln = 57 RCTs (n = 61 active intervention arms) were conducted in Europe; one RCT included treatment arms for more than one intervention type (Warren 2003); two RCTS included more than one treatment arm for the same intervention type (Paineau 2008; Tessier 2008). dTotaln = 15 RCTs (n = 16 active intervention arms) were conducted in Asia; one RCT included treatment arms for more than one intervention type (Meng 2013 (Beijing)). eTotaln = 6 RCTs (n = 9 active intervention arms) were conducted in Africa and the Middle East; one RCT included more than one treatment arm for the same intervention type (Muller 2019). fTotaln = 15 RCTs (n = 21 active intervention arms) were conducted in Australasia; one RCT included treatment arms for more than one intervention type (Barnes 2021). Three RCTs included more than one treatment arm for the same intervention type (Chai 2019; Salmon 2008; Salmon 2022). Abbreviations: RCT: randomised controlled trial
3
3
Summary of meta‐analysis results for BMI. Certainty of the evidence (GRADE): ++++ = high; +++‐ = moderate; ++‐‐ = low; +‐‐‐ = very low. GRADE domains: A = risk of bias; B = imprecision; C = inconsistency; D = indirectness; E = publication bias. *Downgraded two levels. Abbreviations BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
4
4
Summary of meta‐analysis results for zBMI. Certainty of the evidence (GRADE): ++++ = high; +++‐ = moderate; ++‐‐ = low; +‐‐‐ = very low. GRADE domains: A = risk of bias; B = imprecision; C = inconsistency; D = indirectness; E = publication bias. *Downgraded two levels. Abbreviations CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
5
5
Summary of meta‐analyses results for BMI percentile. Certainty of the evidence (GRADE): ++++ = high; +++‐ = moderate; ++‐‐ = low; +‐‐‐ = very low. GRADE domains: A = risk of bias; B = imprecision; C = inconsistency; D = indirectness; E = publication bias. *Downgraded two levels. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
6
6
Funnel plot to investigate small study effects in the meta‐analysis of activity intervention vs control for BMI short term. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
vs: versus
7
7
Funnel plot to investigate small study effects in the meta‐analysis of activity intervention vs control for BMI medium term. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
vs: versus
8
8
Funnel plot to investigate small study effects in the meta‐analysis of activity intervention vs control for zBMI medium term. Abbreviations
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
9
9
Funnel plot to investigate small study effects in the meta‐analysis of dietary and activity intervention vs control for BMI short term.
Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
vs: versus
10
10
Funnel plot to investigate small study effects in the meta‐analysis of dietary and activity intervention vs control for BMI medium term.
Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
vs: versus
11
11
Funnel plot to investigate small study effects in the meta‐analysis of dietary and activity intervention vs control for BMI long term. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
vs: versus
12
12
Funnel plot to investigate small study effects in the meta‐analysis of dietary and activity intervention vs control for zBMI short term. Abbreviations
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
13
13
Funnel plot to investigate small study effects in the meta‐analysis of dietary and activity intervention vs control for zBMI medium term. Abbreviations
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
14
14
Funnel plot to investigate small study effects in the meta‐analysis of dietary and activity intervention vs control for zBMI long term. Abbreviations
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
15
15
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary intervention vs control on BMI subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
16
16
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs control on BMI subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
17
17
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs control on BMI subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
18
18
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs dietary interventions on BMI subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
19
19
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs dietary interventions on BMI subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
20
20
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs activity interventions on BMI subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
21
21
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
22
22
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
23
23
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
24
24
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs dietary interventions on zBMI subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
25
25
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs dietary interventions on zBMI subgrouped by setting Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
26
26
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs activity interventions on zBMI subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
27
27
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
28
28
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
29
29
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
30
30
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs dietary interventions on BMI percentile subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
31
31
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs dietary interventions on BMI percentile subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
32
32
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs activity interventions on BMI percentile subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
33
33
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary intervention vs control on BMI subgrouped by income status of country and
socio‐economic status (SES). Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
34
34
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity intervention vs control on BMI subgrouped by income status of country and
socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
35
35
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity intervention vs control on BMI subgrouped by income status of
country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
36
36
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary intervention vs activity interventions on BMI subgrouped by income status of
country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
37
37
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs dietary interventions on BMI subgrouped by income status of country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
38
38
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs activity interventions on BMI subgrouped by income status of country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
39
39
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by income status of country and
socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
40
40
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by income status of country and
socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
41
41
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by income status of country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
42
42
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs dietary interventions on zBMI subgrouped by income status of country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
43
43
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs dietary interventions on zBMI subgrouped by income status of country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
44
44
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs activity interventions on zBMI subgrouped by income status of country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
45
45
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by income status of country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
46
46
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by income status of
country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
47
47
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by income status of country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
48
48
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs dietary interventions on BMI percentile subgrouped by income status of country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
49
49
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs dietary interventions on BMI percentile subgrouped by income status of country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
50
50
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs activity interventions on BMI percentile subgrouped by income status of country and socio‐economic status. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
51
51
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary interventions vs control on BMI subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
52
52
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs control on BMI subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
53
53
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs control on BMI subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
54
54
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs dietary interventions on BMI subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
55
55
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs dietary interventions on BMI subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
56
56
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs activity interventions on BMI subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
57
57
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index.
58
58
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
59
59
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
60
60
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs dietary interventions on zBMI subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
61
61
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs dietary interventions on zBMI subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
62
62
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs activity interventions on zBMI subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
63
63
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
64
64
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
65
65
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
66
66
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs dietary interventions on BMI percentile subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
67
67
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs dietary interventions on BMI percentile subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
68
68
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs activity interventions on BMI percentile subgrouped by duration of intervention. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 1: BMI short‐term
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 2: BMI medium‐term
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 3: BMI long‐term
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 4: zBMI short‐term
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 5: zBMI medium‐term
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 6: zBMI long‐term
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 7: Percentile short‐term
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 8: Percentile medium‐term
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 9: Percentile long‐term
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 1: BMI short‐term
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 2: BMI medium‐term
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 3: BMI long‐term
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 4: zBMI short‐term
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 5: zBMI medium‐term
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 6: zBMI long‐term
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 7: Percentile short‐term
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 8: Percentile medium‐term
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 9: Percentile long‐term
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 1: BMI short‐term
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 2: BMI medium‐term
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 3: BMI long‐term
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 4: zBMI short‐term
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 5: zBMI medium‐term
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 6: zBMI long‐term
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 7: Percentile short‐term
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 8: Percentile medium‐term
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 9: Percentile long‐term
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Activity vs dietary (all studies), Outcome 1: BMI medium‐term
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Activity vs dietary (all studies), Outcome 2: zBMI medium‐term
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Activity vs dietary (all studies), Outcome 3: Percentile medium‐term
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Activity vs dietary (all studies), Outcome 4: Percentile long‐term
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Dietary and activity vs dietary (all studies), Outcome 1: BMI medium‐term
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Dietary and activity vs dietary (all studies), Outcome 2: zBMI medium‐term
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Dietary and activity vs dietary (all studies), Outcome 3: Percentile medium‐term
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: Dietary and activity vs dietary (all studies), Outcome 4: Percentile long‐term
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Dietary and activity vs activity (all studies), Outcome 1: BMI short‐term
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Dietary and activity vs activity (all studies), Outcome 2: BMI medium‐term
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Dietary and activity vs activity (all studies), Outcome 3: BMI long‐term
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: Dietary and activity vs activity (all studies), Outcome 4: zBMI short‐term
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6: Dietary and activity vs activity (all studies), Outcome 5: zBMI medium‐term
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6: Dietary and activity vs activity (all studies), Outcome 6: zBMI long‐term
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6: Dietary and activity vs activity (all studies), Outcome 7: Percentile medium‐term
6.8
6.8. Analysis
Comparison 6: Dietary and activity vs activity (all studies), Outcome 8: Percentile long‐term
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References

References to studies included in this review

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Barnes 2021 {published data only}
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Brown 2013 {published data only}
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Chai 2019 {published data only}
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Clemes 2020 {published data only}
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Crespo 2012 {published data only}
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Davis 2021 {published data only}
    1. Davis J, Ghaddar R, Nikah K, Asigbee F, Landry M, Vandyousefi S, et al. A school-based cluster randomized gardening, nutrition, and cooking intervention: effects on lipids. Obesity 2020;28 (Suppl 2):44. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.23063] - DOI
    1. Davis J, Nikah K, Asigbee FM, Landry MJ, Vandyousefi S, Ghaddar R, et al. Design and participant characteristics of TX sprouts: a school-based cluster randomized gardening, nutrition, and cooking intervention. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2019;85:105834. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2019.105834] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Davis JN, Pérez A, Asigbee FM, Landry MJ, Vandyousefi S, Ghaddar R, et al. School-based gardening, cooking and nutrition intervention increased vegetable intake but did not reduce BMI: Texas sprouts - a cluster randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2021;18(1):1-14. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01087-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ghaddar R, Jeans M, Asigbee F, Landry M, Vandyousefi S, Davis J. Effect of a school-based gardening, nutrition, and cooking cluster randomized trial on diabetes risk. Obesity 2020;28 (Suppl 2):83. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.23063] - DOI
    1. Jeans MR, Vandyousefi S, Landry MJ, Leidy HJ, Gray MJ, Bray MS, et al. Breakfast consumption may improve fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c levels in predominately low-income, Hispanic children 7-12 years of age. Nutrients 2022;14(11):2320. [DOI: 10.3390/nu14112320] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
De Bock 2013 {published data only}
    1. De Bock F, Fischer JE, Hoffmann K, Renz-Polster H. A participatory parent-focused intervention promoting physical activity in preschools: design of a cluster-randomized trial [Erratum appears in BMC Public Health. 2012;12:355]. BMC Public Health 2010;10:49. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-49] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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de Greeff 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mullender-Wijnsma MJ, Hartman E, Greeff JW, Bosker RJ, Doolaard S, Visscher C. Improving academic performance of school-age children by physical activity in the classroom: 1-year program evaluation. Journal of School Health 2015;85(6):365-71. [DOI: 10.1111/josh.12259] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Greeff JW, Hartman E, Mullender-Wijnsma MJ, Bosker RJ, Doolaard S, Visscher C. Effect of physically active academic lessons on body mass index and physical fitness in primary school children. Journal of School Health 2016;86(5):346-52. [DOI: 10.1111/josh.12384] - DOI - PubMed
De Heer 2011 {published data only}
    1. Heer H. Project l.e.a.n.: An after-school health and exercise program for elementary school children in El Paso, Texas. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2009;70(6-B):3769.
    1. Heer HD, Koehly L, Pederson R, Morera O. Effectiveness and spillover of an after-school health promotion program for Hispanic elementary school children. American Journal of Public Health 2011;101(10):1907-13. [DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300177] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
de Ruyter 2012 {published data only}
    1. De Ruyter JC, Olthof MO, Kuijper LDJ, Liem G, Seidell JC, Katan MB. Short-term satiety and long-term weight effects of sugarfree and sugar-sweetened beverages in children. Obesity Facts 2013;6:33.
    1. De Ruyter JC, Olthof MR, Kuijper LDJ, Katan MB. Effect of sugar-sweetened beverages on body weight in children: design and baseline characteristics of the Double-blind, Randomized INtervention study in Kids. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012;33(1):247‐57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2011.10.007] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Katan MB, De Ruyter JC, Kuijper LDJ, Chow CC, Hall KD, Olthof MR. Impact of masked replacement of sugar-sweetened with sugar-free beverages on body weight increases with initial bmi: Secondary analysis of data from an 18 month double-blind trial in children. PLOS One 2016;11(7):e0159771. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159771] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Diaz‐Castro 2021 {published data only}
    1. Diaz-Castro J, Garcia-Vega JE, Ochoa JJ, Puche-Juarez M, Toledano JM, Moreno-Fernandez J. Implementation of a physical activity program protocol in schoolchildren: effects on the endocrine adipose tissue and cognitive functions. Frontiers in Nutrition 2021;8:761213. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.761213] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Di Maglie 2022 {published data only}
    1. Di Maglie A, Marsigliante S, My G, Colazzo S, Muscella A. Effects of a physical activity intervention on schoolchildren fitness. Physiological Reports 2022;10(2):e15115. [DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15115] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Donnelly 2009 {published data only}
    1. Donnelly JE, Greene JL, Gibson CA, Smith BK, Washburn RASullivan DK, et al. Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC): a randomized controlled trial to promote physical activity and diminish overweight and obesity in elementary school children. Preventive Medicine 2009;49:336-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.022] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Drummy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Drummy C, Murtagh EM, McKee DP, Breslin G, Davison GW, Murphy MH. The effect of a classroom activity break on physical activity levels and adiposity in primary school children. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2016;52:745-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13182] - DOI - PubMed
Duncan 2019 {published data only}
    1. Duncan S, Stewart T, McPhee J, Borotkanics R, Prendergast K, Zinn C, et al. Efficacy of a compulsory homework programme for increasing physical activity and improving nutrition in children: a cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2019;16(1):80. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0840-3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Elder 2014 {published data only}
    1. Elder JP, Crespo NC, Corder K, Ayala GX, Slymen DJ, Lopez NV, et al. Childhood obesity prevention and control in city recreation centres and family homes: the MOVE/me Muevo Project. Pediatric Obesity 2014;9(3):218-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00164.x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Epstein 2001 {published data only}
    1. Epstein LH, Gordy CC, Raynor HAB, Eddome M, Kilanowski CK, Paluch R. Increasing fruit and vegetable intake and decreasing fat and sugar intake in families at risk for childhood obesity. Obesity Research 2001;9(3):171-8. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2001.18] - DOI - PubMed
Fairclough 2013 {published data only}
    1. Fairclough SJ, Hackett AF, Davies IG, Gobbi R, Mackintosh KA, Warburton GL, et al. Promoting healthy weight in primary school children through physical activity and nutrition education: a pragmatic evaluation of the CHANGE! randomised intervention study. BMC Public Health 2013;13:626. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-626] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Farmer 2017 {published data only}
    1. Farmer VL, Williams SM, Mann JI, Schofield G, McPhee JC, Taylor RW. The effect of increasing risk and challenge in the school playground on physical activity and weight in children: a cluster randomised controlled trial (PLAY). International Journal of Obesity 2017;41(5):793-800. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.41] - DOI - PubMed
Ford 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ford PA, Perkins G, Swaine I. Effects of a 15-week accumulated brisk walking programme on the body composition of primary school children. Journal of Sports Sciences 2013;31(2):114-22. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.723816] - DOI - PubMed
Foster 2008 {published data only}
    1. Borradaile KE. Stick a Fork in It: a Psychometric Evaluation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire and An Activity Frequency Questionnaire [Thesis]. Vol. 3260882. Ann Arbor: University of Pennsylvania, 2007.
    1. Foster GD, Sherman S, Borradaile KE, Grundy KM, Vander Veur SS, Nachmani J, et al. A policy-based school intervention to prevent overweight and obesity. Pediatrics 2008;121:e794-e802. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-1365] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Rappaport EB, Daskalakis C, Sendecki JA. Using routinely collected growth data to assess a school-based obesity prevention strategy. International Journal of Obesity 2013;37(1):79-85. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.126] - DOI - PubMed
Fulkerson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Fulkerson JA, Rydell S, Kubik MY, Lytle L, Boutelle K, Story M, et al. Healthy Home Offerings via the Mealtime Environment (HOME): feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes of a pilot study. Obesity 2010;18 Suppl 1:S69-74. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.434] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Fulkerson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Arcan C, Friend S, Flattum CF, Story M, Fulkerson JA. Fill "half your child's plate with fruits and vegetables": Correlations with food-related practices and the home food environment. Appetite 2019;133:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.017] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Fulkerson JA, Friend S, Horning M, Flattum C, Draxten M, Neumark-Sztainer D, et al. Family home food environment and nutrition-related parent and child personal and behavioral outcomes of the Healthy Home Offerings via the Mealtime Environment (HOME) Plus Program: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2018;118(2):240-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2017.04.006] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Fulkerson 2022 {published data only}
    1. Fulkerson J, Horning M, Barr-Anderson D, Sidebottom A, Linde J, Lindberg R, et al. Weight outcomes of the new ULM at home (Nu-Home) RCT to prevent child obesity in rural communities. Obesity 2020;28 (Suppl 2):36. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.23057] - DOI
    1. Fulkerson JA, Horning M, Barr-Anderson DJ, Sidebottom A, Linde JA, Lindberg R, et al. Weight outcomes of NU-HOME: a randomized controlled trial to prevent obesity among rural children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2022;19(1):29. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01260-w] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fulkerson JA, Horning ML, Barr-Anderson DJ, Linde JA, Sidebottom AC, Lindberg R, et al. Universal childhood obesity prevention in a rural community: study design, methods and baseline participant characteristics of the NU-HOME randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2020;100:106160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106160] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Grace SM, Barr-Anderson DJ, Fulkerson JA. Exploring associations of household chaos and child health behaviors in rural families. American Journal of Health Behavior 2022;46(1):49-59. [DOI: 10.5993/AJHB.46.1.5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Gentile 2009 {published data only}
    1. Eisenmann JC, Gentile DA, Welk GJ, Callahan R, Strickland S, Walsh M, et al. SWITCH: rationale, design, and implementation of a community, school, and family-based intervention to modify behaviors related to childhood obesity. BMC Public Health 2008;8:223. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-223] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gentile DA, Welk G, Eisenmann JC, Reimer RA, Walsh DA, Russell DW, et al. Evaluation of a multiple ecological level child obesity prevention program: Switch what you Do, View, and Chew. BMC Medicine 2009;7:49. [DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-7-49] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Welk GJ, Chen S, Nam YH, Weber TE. A formative evaluation of the SWITCH obesity prevention program: print versus online programming. BMC Obesity 2015;2:20. [DOI: 10.1186/s40608-015-0049-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gortmaker 1999 {published data only}
    1. Gortmaker SL, Peterson K, Wiecha J, Sobal AM, Dixit S, Fox MK, et al. A school-based, interdisciplinary curriculum in grades 6 and 7 reduced obesity in girls. Evidence Based Nursing 2000;3:13. [DOI: 10.1136/ebn.3.1.13] - DOI
    1. Gortmaker SL, Peterson K, Wiecha J, Sobal AM, Dixit S, Fox MK, et al. Reducing obesity via a school-based interdisciplinary intervention among youth. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1999;153(4):409-18. [DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.153.4.409] - DOI - PubMed
Greve 2015 {published data only}
    1. Greve J, Heinesen E. Evaluating the impact of a school-based health intervention using a randomized field experiment. Economics & Human Biology 2015;18:41-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2015.03.005] - DOI - PubMed
Griffin 2019 {published data only}
    1. Griffin T, Sun Y, Sidhu M, Adab P, Burgess A, Collins C, et al. Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids UK, a weight management programme for fathers: feasibility RCT. BMJ Open 2019;9(12):e033534. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033534] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Jolly K, Griffin T, Sidhu M, Adab P, Burgess C, Collins C, et al. A weight management programme for fathers of children aged 4–11 years: cultural adaptation and the Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids UK feasibility RCT. NIHR Journals Library, Southampton (UK) 2020. [DOI: 10.3310/phr08020] - DOI - PubMed
Grydeland 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bergh IH, Stralen MM, Bjelland M, Grydeland M, Lien N, Klepp KI, et al. Post-intervention effects on screen behaviours and mediating effect of parental regulation: the HEalth In Adolescents study--a multi-component school-based randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2014;14:200. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-200] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bjelland M, Hausken SE, Bergh IH, Grydeland M, Klepp KI, Andersen LF, et al. Changes in adolescents' and parents' intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit and vegetables after 20 months: results from the HEIA study - a comprehensive, multi-component school-based randomized trial. Food & Nutrition Research 2015;59:25932. [DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.25932] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Ha 2021 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12618001524280. Promoting physical activity in children through family-based intervention: the “Active 1+FUN” program [Promoting physical activity in children through family-based intervention: Protocol of the “Active 1+FUN” randomized controlled trial]. https://anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12618001524280.aspx (first received 11 September 2018).
    1. Ha AS, Lonsdale C, Lubans DR, Ng FF, Ng JYY. Improving children's fundamental movement skills through a family-based physical activity program: results from the "Active 1 + FUN" randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2021;18(1):99. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01160-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Habib‐Mourad 2014 {published data only}
    1. Habib-Mourad C, Ghandour LA, Moore HJ, Nabhani-Zeidan M, Adetayo K, Hwalla N, Summerbell C. Promoting healthy eating and physical activity among school children: findings from Health-E-PALS, the first pilot intervention from Lebanon. BMC Public Health 2014;14:940. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-940] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Habib-Mourad C. An intervention to promote healthy eating and physical activity in lebanese school children: health-e-pals: a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial [thesis]. Vol. U597697. Ann Arbor: University of Durham (United Kingdom), 2013.
    1. NCT03040258. Interventions to promote healthy eating and physical activity in Lebanese school children targeting overweight and obesity- pilot study. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03040258 (first received 25 January 2017).
Habib‐Mourad 2020 {published data only}
    1. Habib-Mourad C, Ghandour LA, Moore HJ, Nabhani-Zeidan MAdetayo K, Hwalla N, et al. Impact of a three-year obesity prevention study on healthy behaviors and BMI among Lebanese schoolchildren: findings from Ajyal Salima Program. Nutrients 2020;12(9):2687. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12092687] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Haire‐Joshu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Haire-Joshu D, Nanney MS, Elliott M, Davey C, Caito N, Loman D, et al. The use of mentoring programs to improve energy balance behaviors in high-risk children. Obesity 2010;18 Suppl 1:S75-83. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.435] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Han 2006 {published data only}
    1. Han X, Ling P, Chen Y. The outcome evaluation of the elementary students about 3-year in system-intervention of nutrition dinner in Yangpu District, Shanghai. Health Education and Health Promotion 2006;1:21-4.
Hannon 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hannon TS, Carroll AE, Palmer KN, Saha C, Childers WK, Marrero DG. Rationale and design of a comparative effectiveness trial to prevent type 2 diabetes in mothers and children: the ENCOURAGE healthy families study. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2015;40:105-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2014.11.016] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Hannon TS, Saha CK, Carroll AE, Palmer KN, O'Kelly Phillips E, Marrero DG. The ENCOURAGE healthy families study: a comparative effectiveness trial to reduce risk for type 2 diabetes in mothers and children. Pediatric Diabetes 2018;20:20. [DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12692] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wessel J, O'Kelly-Phillips E, Palmer K, Saha C, Hannon T, Carroll A, et al. Abstract P121: Comparative effectiveness study of the diabetes prevention program in families: preliminary results. Circulation 2015;131 (Suppl 1):121. [DOI: 10.1161/circ.131.suppl_1.p121] - DOI
    1. Wessel J, Phillips E, Palmer K, Saha C, Hannon TS, Carroll A, et al. Comparative effectiveness trial of the diabetes prevention program in families. Diabetes 2015;64:A633. [DOI: 10.2337/db1524622510] - DOI
HEALTHY Study Group 2010 {published data only}
    1. Drews KL, Harrell JS, Thompson D, Mazzuto SL, Ford EG, Carter M, et al. Recruitment and retention strategies and methods in the HEALTHY study. International Journal of Obesity 2009;33(4):S21-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.113] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Healthy Study Group. HEALTHY study rationale, design and methods: moderating risk of type 2 diabetes in multi-ethnic middle school students. International Journal of Obesity 2009;33(4):S4-20. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.112] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Hendrie 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hendrie G, Sohonpal G, Lange K, Golley R. Change in the family food environment is associated with positive dietary change in children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2013;10:4. [DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hendrie GA, Golley RK. Changing from regular-fat to low-fat dairy foods reduces saturated fat intake but not energy intake in 4-13-y-old children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;93(5):1117-27. [DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.010694] - DOI - PubMed
Hendy 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hendy HM, Williams KE, Camise TS. Kid's Choice Program improves weight management behaviors and weight status in school children. Appetite 2011;56(2):484-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.024] - DOI - PubMed
Hooft van Huysduynen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hooft Van Huysduynen EJC. Towards Healthy Diets for Parents: Effectiveness of a Counselling Intervention [Thesis]. Wageningen: Wageningen University, 2014.
Hopper 2005 {published data only}
    1. Hopper CA, Munoz KD, Gruber MB, Nguyen KP. The effects of a family fitness program on the physical activity and nutrition behaviors of third-grade children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 2005;76(2):130-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2005.10599275] - DOI - PubMed
Howe 2011 {published data only}
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Hull 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hull PC, Buchowski M, Canedo JR, Beech BM, Du L, Koyama T, et al. Childhood obesity prevention cluster randomized trial for Hispanic families: outcomes of the healthy families study. Pediatric Obesity 2018;13(11):686-96. [DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12197] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zoorob R, Buchowski MS, Beech B. Healthy families study: design of a childhood obesity prevention trial for Hispanic families. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2013;35(2):108-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2013.04.005] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Huys 2020 {published data only}
    1. Androutsos O, Anastasiou C, Lambrinou CP, Mavrogianni C, Cardon G, Van Stappen V, et al. Intra- and inter- observer reliability of anthropometric measurements and blood pressure in primary schoolchildren and adults: the Feel4Diabetes-study. BMC Endocrine Disorders 2020;20(Suppl 1):27. [DOI: 10.1186/s12902-020-0501-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Huys N, Van Stappen V, Shadid S, De Craemer M, Androutsos O, Wikström K, et al. Effectiveness of a family-, school- and community-based intervention on physical activity and its correlates in Belgian families with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Feel4Diabetes-study. BMC Public Health 2020;20(1):1231. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09336-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Manios Y, Androutsos O, Lambrinou CP, Cardon G, Lindstrom J, Annemans L, et al. A school- and community-based intervention to promote healthy lifestyle and prevent type 2 diabetes in vulnerable families across Europe: design and implementation of the Feel4Diabetes-study. Public Health Nutrition 2018;21(17):3281-90. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980018002136] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Willems R, Tsoutsoulopoulou K, Brondeel R, Cardon G, Makrilakis K, Liatis S, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of a school- and community-based intervention to promote a healthy lifestyle and prevent type 2 diabetes in vulnerable families across Europe: the Feel4Diabetes-study. Preventive Medicine 2021;153:106722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106722] - DOI - PubMed
Ickovics 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ickovics JR, Duffany KO, Shebl FM, Peters SM, Read MA, Gilstad-Hayden KR, et al. Implementing school-based policies to prevent obesity: cluster randomized trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2019;56(1):e1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.08.026] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
James 2004 {published data only}
    1. James J, Thomas P, Cavan D, Kerr D. Erratum: Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004;328(7450):1236. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.328.7450.1236] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. James J, Thomas P, Cavan D, Kerr D. Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised controlled trial [Erratum inBMJ. 2004 May 22;328(7450):1236]. BMJ 2004;328(7450):22. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38077.458438] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Jansen 2011 {published data only}
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Johnston 2013 {published data only}
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Jones 2015 {published data only}
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Kain 2014 {published data only}
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Keller 2009 {published data only}
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Keshani 2016 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2014021613080N2. Effect of nutrition education on students nutritional status [The effect of a school based education on nutrition status and physical activity of grade 4 students of shiraz elemtary schools]. http://en.irct.ir/trial/13014 (first received 14 April 2014).
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Ketelhut 2022 {published data only}
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Khan 2014 {published data only}
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Kipping 2008 {published data only}
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Kipping 2014 {published data only}
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Klesges 2010 {published data only}
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Kobel 2017 {published data only}
    1. Dreyhaupt J, Koch J, Wirt B, Schreiber T, Brandstetter A, Kesztyus S, et al. Evaluation of a health promotion program in children: study protocol and design of the cluster-randomized Baden-Wurttemberg primary school study. BMC Public Health 2012;12:157. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Kocken 2016 {published data only}
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Kovalskys 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kovalskys I, Rausch Herscovici C, Indart P, Zonis Luciana ZL, Anez E, Orellana L. Maintaining levels of physical activity (PA) among 9- 11 y old children is a challenge. Evidence from SALTEN, a school-based obesity prevention intervention in Argentina. Obesity Reviews 2016;17:145. [DOI: 10.1111/obr.12402] - DOI
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Kriemler 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hartmann T, Zahner L, Puhse U, Puder J. Effects of a school-based physical activity program on physical and psychosocial quality of life in elementary school children: a cluster-randomized trial. Pediatric Exercise Science 2010;22(4):511-22. [DOI: 10.1123/PES.22.4.511] - DOI - PubMed
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Kubik 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kubik MY, Fulkerson JA, Sirard JR, Garwick A, Temple J, Gurvich O, et al. School-based secondary prevention of overweight and obesity among 8- to 12-year old children: design and sample characteristics of the SNAPSHOT trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2018;75:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.10.011] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Lau 2016 {published data only}
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Lazaar 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lazaar N, Aucouturier J, Ratel S, Rance M, Meyer M, Duché P. Effect of physical activity intervention on body composition in young children: influence of body mass index status and gender. Acta Paediatrica 2007;96(9):1315-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00426.x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lent 2014 {published data only}
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Levy 2012 {published data only}
    1. Levy S, Morales Ruan T, Amaya Castellanos C, Salazar Coronel C, Jimenez Aguilar A, Mendez Gomez A, et al. Effectiveness of a diet and physical activity promotion strategy on the prevention of obesity in Mexican school children. BMC Public Health 2012;12:152. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-152] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Li 2010 {published data only}
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Li 2019 {published data only}
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Lichtenstein 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lichtenstein S, Teufel U, Weiland C, Engel N, Engelmann G, Hoffmann GF, et al. Prevention of obesity in primary school: a school-based prevention program reduces the risk for obesity in school children [Adipositasprävention in Grundschulen]. Monatsschrift fur Kinderheilkunde 2011;159(8):751-7.
Liu 2019 {published data only}
    1. Liu Z, Li Q, Maddison R, Ni Mhurchu C, Jiang Y, Wei DM, et al. A school-based comprehensive intervention for childhood obesity in China: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Childhood Obesity 2019;15(2):105-15. [DOI: 10.1089/chi.2018.0251] - DOI - PubMed
Liu 2022 {published data only}
    1. Liu Z, Gao P, Gao AY, Lin Y, Feng XX, Zhang F, et al. Effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention for prevention of obesity in primary school children in China: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics 2022;176(1):e214375. [DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4375] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Llargues 2012 {published data only}
    1. Llargues E, Franco R, Recasens A, Nadal A, Vila M, Perez MJ, et al. Assessment of a school-based intervention in eating habits and physical activity in school children: the AVall study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2011;65(10):896-901. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2009.102319] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Lloyd 2018 {published data only}
    1. Creanor S, Lloyd J, Hillsdon M, Dean S, Green C, Taylor RS, et al. Detailed statistical analysis plan for a cluster randomised controlled trial of the Healthy Lifestyles Programme (HeLP), a novel school-based intervention to prevent obesity in school children. Trials 2016;17(1):599. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1737-y] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Lynch 2016 {published data only}
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Macias‐Cervantes 2009 {published data only}
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Madsen 2013 {published data only}
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Magnusson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hrafnkelsson H, Magnusson KT, Thorsdottir I, Johannsson E, Sigurdsson E. Result of school-based intervention on cardiovascular risk factors. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 2014;32(4):149-55. [DOI: 10.3109/02813432.2014.982363.] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Marcus 2009 {published data only}
    1. Eli K, Neovius C, Nordin K, Brissman M, Ek A. Parents' experiences following conversations about their young child's weight in the primary health care setting: a study within the STOP project. BMC Public Health 2022;22(1):1540. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13803-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Marsigliante 2022 {published data only}
    1. Marsigliante S, Ciardo V, Di Maglie A, My G, Muscella A. Efficacy of school-based intervention programs in reducing overweight: a randomized trial. Frontiers in Nutrition 2022;9:1001934. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1001934] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Martinez‐Vizcaino 2014 {published data only}
    1. Martinez-Vizcaino V, Sanchez-Lopez M, Notario-Pacheco B, Salcedo-Aguilar F, Solera-Martínez M, Franquelo-Morales PL, et al. Gender differences on effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention for reducing cardiometabolic risk: a cluster randomized trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2014;11:154. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-014-0154-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Martinez‐Vizcaino 2020 {published data only}
    1. Alvarez-Bueno C, Cavero-Redondo I, Garrido-Miguel M, Notario-Pacheco B, Martinez-Andres M, Sanchez-Lopez M. 24th European Congress on Obesity (ECO2017), Porto, Portugal, May 17-20, 2017: Abstracts. Obesity Facts 2017;10(Suppl 1):1-274. [DOI: 10.1159/000468958] - DOI
    1. Cavero-Redondo I, Alvarez-Bueno C, Garrido-Miguel M, Martinez-Vizcaino V, Diez-Fernandez A, Fernandez-Infante A. 24th European Congress on Obesity (ECO2017), Porto, Portugal, May 17-20, 2017: Abstracts. Obesity Facts 2017;10(Suppl 1):1-274. [DOI: 10.1159/000468958] - DOI
    1. Martinez-Vizcaino V, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, Garcia-Prieto JC, Cavero-Redondo I, Solera-Martinez M, Garrido-Miguel M, et al. Effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on adiposity, fitness and blood pressure: MOVI-KIDS study. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2020;54(5):279-85. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099655] - DOI - PubMed
Martinez‐Vizcaino 2022 {published data only}
    1. Martinez-Vizcaino V, Alvarez-Bueno C, Cavero-Redondo I, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, Garrido-Miguel M, Martinez-Hortelano JA, et al. MOVI-daFIT! Intervention: Rationale and design of a cluster randomized controlled trial testing the effects on improving adiposity, cognition, and subclinical atherosclerosis by increasing cardiorespiratory fitness in children. Medicine 2019;98(9):e14737. [DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014737] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Garrido-Miguel M, Redondo-Tébar A, Notario-Pacheco B, Rodríguez-Martín B, Sánchez-López M. The "Fat but Fit" paradigm from a children's health-related quality of life perspective. Childhood Obesity 2021;17(7):449-56. [DOI: 10.1089/chi.2021.0041] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT03236337. Effectiveness of MOVI Interventions on adiposity, cognition and subclinical atherosclerosis: MOVI-daFit! [Effectiveness of MOVI interventions on improving adiposity, cognition and subclinical atherosclerosis by increasing aerobic cardiorespiratory fitness: MOVI-daFit]. www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03236337 (first received 1 August 2017).
Meng 2013 (Beijing) {published data only}
    1. Meng L, Xu H, Liu A, Raaij J, Bemelmans W, Hu X, et al. The costs and cost-effectiveness of a school-based comprehensive intervention study on childhood obesity in China. PLOS One 2013;8(10):e77971. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077971] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Morgan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Morgan PJ, Lubans DR, Callister R, Okely AD, Burrows TL, Fletcher R, et al. The 'Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids' randomized controlled trial: efficacy of a healthy lifestyle program for overweight fathers and their children. International Journal of Obesity 2011;35(3):436-47. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.151] - DOI - PubMed
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Morgan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Morgan PJ, Collins CE, Plotnikoff RC, Callister R, Burrows T, Fletcher R, et al. The 'Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids' community randomized controlled trial: a community-based healthy lifestyle program for fathers and their children. Preventive Medicine 2014;61:90-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.12.019] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Morgan PJ, Lubans DR, Plotnikoff RC, Callister R, Burrows T, Fletcher R, et al. The 'Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids' community effectiveness trial: study protocol of a community-based healthy lifestyle program for fathers and their children [The 'Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids' community effectiveness trial: study protocol of a community-based healthy lifestyle program for fathers and their children]. BMC Public Health 2011;11:876. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-876] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Morgan 2019 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12615000022561. Engaging dads and daughters to increase physical activity and social and emotional well-being in pre-adolescent girls: the DADEE (Dads And Daughters Exercising and Empowered) program [Engaging dads and daughters to increase physical activity and social and emotional well-being in pre-adolescent girls: The DADEE (Dads And Daughters Exercising and Empowered) randomised controlled trial]. https://anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12615000022561.aspx (first received 15 January 2015).
    1. ACTRN12616001270404. Engaging fathers to increase physical activity and well-being in girls: the Dads and Daughters Exercising and Empowered (DADEE) community trial [Engaging fathers to increase physical activity and well-being in girls: the DADEE community randomised controlled trial]. https://anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12616001270404.aspx (first received 9 September 2016).
    1. Morgan PJ, Rayward AT, Young MD, Pollock ER, Eather N, Barnes AT, et al. Establishing effectiveness of a community-based, physical activity program for fathers and daughters: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2021;56:698-711. [DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaab056] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Morgan PJ, Young MD, Barnes AT, Eather N, Pollock ER, Lubans DR. Engaging fathers to increase physical activity in girls: the "Dads And Daughters Exercising and Empowered" (DADEE) randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2019;53(1):39-52. [DOI: 10.1093/abm/kay015] - DOI - PubMed
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Muller 2016 {published data only}
    1. Muller UM, Walther C, Adams V, Mende M, Adam J, Fikenzer K, et al. Long term impact of one daily unit of physical exercise at school on cardiovascular risk factors in school children. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2016;23(13):1444-52. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487316632966] - DOI - PubMed
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Muller 2019 {published data only}
    1. Muller I, Schindler C, Adams L, Endes K, Gall S, Gerber M, et al. Effect of a multidimensional physical activity intervention on body mass index, skinfolds and fitness in south african children: results from a cluster-randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health [Electronic Resource] 2019;16(2):15. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020232] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Muzaffar 2019 {published data only}
    1. Muzaffar H, Nickols-Richardson SM. PAWS (Peer-education About Weight Steadiness) club: rationale and design for a randomized controlled study. FASEB Journal. Conference: Experimental Biology 2016;30:676.2. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.676.2] - DOI
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NCT00224887 2005 {published data only}
    1. NCT00224887. Family-based nutrition intervention for Latino children. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00224887 (first received 21 September 2005).
NCT02067728 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ihmels MA, Welk GJ, Eisenmann JC, Nusser SM, Myers EF. Prediction of BMI change in young children with the family nutrition and physical activity (FNPA) screening tool. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2009;38(1):60-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12160-009-9126-3] - DOI - PubMed
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Nemet 2011a {published data only}
    1. Nemet D, Geva D, Eliakim A. Health promotion intervention in low socioeconomic kindergarten children. Journal of Pediatrics 2011;158(5):796-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.10.040] - DOI - PubMed
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Nemet 2011b {published data only}
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Newton 2014 {published data only}
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Nicholl 2021 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12616001642471. The Milky Way Study: Comparing effects of regular fat vs reduced fat dairy products on heart and gut health in young children [Regular fat versus reduced fat dairy consumption: a pilot study of effects on cardiometabolic and gut health in young children]. https://anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12616001642471.aspx (first received 28 November 2016).
    1. Nicholl A, Deering KE, Evelegh K, Lyons-Wall P, Lawrence D, Mori TA, et al. Whole-fat dairy products do not adversely affect adiposity or cardiometabolic risk factors in children in the Milky Way Study: a double-blind randomized controlled pilot study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2021;114(6):2025-42. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab288] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Nollen 2014 {published data only}
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    1. Malek ME, Nyberg G, Elinder LS, Patterson E, Norman A. Children's experiences of participating in a school-based health promotion parental support programme - a qualitative study. BMC Pediatrics 2021;21(1):228. [DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02694-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Nyberg 2016 {published data only}
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O'Connor 2020 {published data only}
    1. O'Connor TM, Beltran A, Musaad S, Perez O, Flores A, Galdamez-Calderon E, et al. Feasibility of targeting Hispanic fathers and children in an obesity intervention: Papás Saludables Niños Saludables. Childhood Obesity 2020;16(6):379-92. [DOI: 10.1089/chi.2020.0006] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Paineau 2008 {published data only}
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    1. Paineau DL, Beaufils F, Boulier A, Cassuto DA, Chwalow J, Combris P, et al. Family dietary coaching to improve nutritional intakes and body weight control: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2008;162:34-43. [DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2007.2] - DOI - PubMed
Pena 2021 {published data only}
    1. Pena S, Carranza M, Cuadrado C, Espinoza P, Muller V, Cerda R. Effectiveness of a gamification strategy to prevent childhood obesity in schools: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. In: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Conference: 13th European Nutrition Conference, FENS. Vol. 79. 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/S0029665120000932] - DOI
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Pindus 2015 {published data only}
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Puder 2011 {published data only}
    1. Burgi F, Niederer I, Schindler C, Bodenmann P, Marques-Vidal P, Kriemler S, et al. Effect of a lifestyle intervention on adiposity and fitness in socially disadvantaged subgroups of preschoolers: a cluster-randomized trial (Ballabeina). Preventive Medicine 2012;54(5):335-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.02.007] - DOI - PubMed
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Ramirez‐Rivera 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ramirez-Rivera DL, Martinez-Contreras T, Villegas-Valle RC, Henry-Mejia G, Quizan-Plata T, Haby MM, et al. Preliminary results of the planet nutrition program on obesity parameters in Mexican schoolchildren: pilot single-school randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health [Electronic Resource] 2021;18(2):18. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020790] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Razani 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT02623855. Stay Healthy In Nature Everyday: family nature outings in a low income population SHINE [Stay Healthy In Nature Everyday: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of family nature outings on stress and physical inactivity in a low income population]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02623855 (first received 24 November 2015).
    1. Razani N, Kohn MA, Wells NM, Thompson D, Hamilton Flores H, Rutherford GW. Design and evaluation of a park prescription program for stress reduction and health promotion in low-income families: The Stay Healthy in Nature Everyday (SHINE) study protocol. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2016;51:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.09.007] - DOI - PubMed
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Rerksuppaphol 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rerksuppaphol L, Rerksuppaphol S. Internet based obesity prevention program for Thai school children- a randomized control trial. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research JCDR 2017;11(3):SC07-11. [DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/21423.9368] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rhodes 2019 {published data only}
    1. Quinlan A, Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM, Naylor PJ, Warburton DER. Family planning to promote physical activity: a randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Public Health 2015;15(1):1011. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2309-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Riiser 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT02954614. Active play in after school programs [Active play -an after-school-program intervention to promote physical activity and health-related quality of life in young children]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02954614 (first received 26 October 2016).
    1. Riiser K, Helseth S, Ellingsen H, Fallang B, Løndal K. Active play in after-school programmes: development of an intervention and description of a matched-pair cluster-randomised trial assessing physical activity play in after-school programmes. BMJ Open 2017;7(8):e016585. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016585] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Robinson 2003 {published data only}
    1. Robinson TN, Killen JD, Kraemer HC, Wilson DM, Matheson DM, Haskell WL, et al. Dance and reducing television viewing to prevent weight gain in African-American girls: the Stanford GEMS pilot study. Ethnicity and Disease 2003;13(Suppl 1):S65-77. - PubMed
Robinson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Robinson TN, Kraemer HC, Matheson DM, Obarzanek E, Wilson DM, Haskell WL, et al. Stanford GEMS phase 2 obesity prevention trial for low-income African-American girls: design and sample baseline characteristics. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2008;29(1):56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2007.04.007] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Rosario 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rosario R, Araujo A, Oliveira B, Padrao P, Lopes O, Teixeira V, et al. Impact of an intervention through teachers to prevent consumption of low nutrition, energy-dense foods and beverages: a randomized trial. Preventive Medicine 2013;57(1):20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.02.027] - DOI - PubMed
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Rosenkranz 2010 {published data only}
    1. NCT00949637. Scouting Nutrition and Activity Program SNAP [A site-randomized controlled trial for health promotion in Girl Scouts: Healthier Troops in a SNAP]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00949637 (first received 21 July 2009). - PMC - PubMed
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Rush 2012 {published data only}
    1. Graham D, Appleton S, Rush E, McLennan S, Reed P, Simmons D. Increasing activity and improving nutrition through a schools-based programme: Project Energize. 1. Design, programme, randomisation and evaluation methodology. Public Health Nutrition 2008;11(10):1076-84. [DOI: 10.1017/S136898000700153X] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Rush E, Obolonkin V, McLennan S, Graham D, Harris J. Lifetime cost effectiveness of a through-school nutrition and physical programme: Project Energize. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 2014;8(2):e115-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.03.005] - DOI - PubMed
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Sacchetti 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sacchetti R, Ceciliani A, Garulli A, Dallolio L, Beltrami P, Leoni E. Effects of a 2-year school-based intervention of enhanced physical education in the primary school. Journal of School Health 2013;83(9):639-46. [DOI: 10.1111/josh.12076] - DOI - PubMed
Safdie 2013 {published data only}
    1. Safdie Kanan M. Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention and Policy in The Mexican School System [Thesis]. Vol. NS28118. Ann Arbor: Queen's University (Canada), 2013.
    1. Safdie M, Jennings-Aburto N, Levesque L, Janssen I, Campirano-Nunez F, Lopez-Olmedo N, et al. Impact of a school-based intervention program on obesity risk factors in Mexican children. Salud Publica Mex 2013;55 Suppl 3:374-87. [DOI: 10.21149/spm.v55s3.5138] - DOI - PubMed
Sahota 2001 {published data only}
    1. Sahota P, Rudolf MCJ, Dixey R, Hill AJ, Barth JH, Cade J. Evaluation of implementation and effect of primary school based intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity. BMJ 2001;323:1027-9. - PMC - PubMed
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Sahota 2019 {published data only}
    1. Sahota P, Christian M, Day R, Cocks K. The feasibility and acceptability of a primary school-based programme targeting diet and physical activity: the PhunkyFoods Programme. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2019;5(1):159. [DOI: 10.1186/s40814-019-0542-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Salmon 2008 {published data only}
    1. Salmon J, Ball K, Crawford D, Booth M, Telford A, Hume C, et al. Reducing sedentary behaviour and increasing physical activity among 10-year-old children: overview and process evaluation of the ‘Switch-Play’ intervention. Health Promotion International 2005;20(1):7-17. [DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dah502] - DOI - PubMed
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Salmon 2022 {published data only}
    1. Carson V, Salmon J, Arundell L, Ridgers ND, Cerin E, Brown H, et al. Examination of mid-intervention mediating effects on objectively assessed sedentary time among children in the Transform-Us! cluster-randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2013;10:62. [DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-62] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN83725066. Transform-Us!: an intervention promoting children's health [A multi-setting intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour, promote physical activity and improve children's health]. https://anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12609000715279.aspx (first submitted 19 August 2009).
    1. Salmon J, Arundell L, Cerin E, Ridgers ND, Hesketh KD, Daly RM, et al. Transform-Us! cluster RCT: 18-month and 30-month effects on children's physical activity, sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk markers. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2023;57(5):311-19. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105825] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Santos 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nickel NC, Doupe M, Enns JE, Brownell M, Sarkar J, Chateau D, et al. Differential effects of a school‐based obesity prevention program: a cluster randomized trial. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2021;17(1):1-34. [DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13009] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Santos R, Durksen A, Chanoine JP, Miln AL, Mayer T, McGavock J. Healthy buddies© manitoba: a clustered randomized controlled trial of peer-based healthy living lessons plans on body weight and physical activity in early years students. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2012;1:S20.
    1. Santos RG, Durksen A, Rabbanni R, Chanoine JP, Lamboo Miln A, Mayer T, et al. Effectiveness of peer-based healthy living lesson plans on anthropometric measures and physical activity in elementary school students: a cluster randomized trial. [Erratum appears in JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Jan;169(1):96]. JAMA Pediatrics 2014;168(4):330-7. [DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3688] - DOI - PubMed
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Seguin‐Fawler 2021 {published data only}
    1. Seguin R, Ammerman A, Hanson K, Kolodinsky J, Pitts SJ, Sitaker M. NP3 Farm Fresh Foods for Healthy Kids: innovative cost-offset community-supported agriculture intervention to prevent childhood obesity and strengthen local agricultural economies. Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior, 52nd Annual Conference, Nutrition Education: rooted in Food, July 27-30, 2019, Orlando, Florida. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;51:S10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2019.05.327] - DOI
    1. Seguin RA, Morgan EH, Hanson KL, Ammerman AS, Jilcott Pitts SB, Kolodinsky J, et al. Farm Fresh Foods for Healthy Kids (F3HK): an innovative community supported agriculture intervention to prevent childhood obesity in low-income families and strengthen local agricultural economies. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):306. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4202-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Seguin-Fowler RA, Hanson KL, Jilcott Pitts SB, Kolodinsky J, Sitaker M, Ammerman AS, et al. Community supported agriculture plus nutrition education improves skills, self-efficacy, and eating behaviors among low-income caregivers but not their children: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2021;18(1):112. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01168-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sekhavat 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sekhavat A. Efficacy of Nutrition and Physical Activity Counseling for Pre-Adolescent Children in A Dental Setting: A Randomized Clinical Trial [Thesis]. University of Toronto, 2014.
Sgambato 2019 {published data only}
    1. Morais LDC, Paravidino VB, Mediano MFF, Benthroldo R, Gonçalves TR, Sgambato MR, et al. Effectiveness of a school-based randomized controlled trial aimed at increasing physical activity time in adolescents. European Journal of Public Health 2021;31(2):367‐72. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab025] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sgambato MR, Cunha DB, Henriques VT, Estima CC, Souza BS, Pereira RA, et al. PAAPPAS community trial protocol: a randomized study of obesity prevention for adolescents combining school with household intervention. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):809. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3473-3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sgambato MR, Cunha DB, da Silva Nalin Souza B, Henriques VT, da Rocha Muniz Rodrigues R, et al. Effectiveness of school-home intervention for adolescent obesity prevention: parallel school-randomized study. British Journal of Nutrition 2019;122(9):1073-80. [DOI: 10.1017/S0007114519001818] - DOI - PubMed
Sherwood 2019 {published data only}
    1. JaKa MM, French SA, Wolfson J, Jeffery RW, Lorencatto F, Michie S, et al. Understanding outcomes in behavior change interventions to prevent pediatric obesity: the role of dose and behavior change techniques. Health Education and Behavior 2019;46(2):312-21. [DOI: 10.1177/1090198118798679] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sherwood NE, Levy RL, Langer SL, Senso MM, Crain AL, Hayes MG, et al. Healthy Homes/Healthy Kids: a randomized trial of a pediatric primary care-based obesity prevention intervention for at-risk 5-10 year olds. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2013;36(1):228-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2013.06.017] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sherwood NE, Levy RL, Seburg EM, Crain AL, Langer SL, JaKa MM, et al. The Healthy Homes/Healthy Kids 5-10 Obesity Prevention Trial: 12 and 24-month outcomes. Pediatric Obesity 2019;14(8):e12523. [DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12523] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sichieri 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lima da Cruz V, Mediano MFF, Paravidino VB, Neves FA, Oliveira Malafaia T, Rodrigues Junior LF, et al. Insulin sensitivity as a predictor of longitudinal changes on body mass index in Brazilian adolescents. American Journal of Human Biology 2022;34(8):e23745. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23745] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sichieri RP, Trotte A, Souza RA, Veiga GV. School randomised trial on prevention of excessive weight gain by discouraging students from drinking sodas. Public Health Nutrition 2009;12:197-202. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980008002644] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Moraes MM, Mediano MFF, Souza RAG, Moura AS, da Veiga GV, Sichieri R. Discouraging soft drink consumption reduces blood glucose and cholesterol of Brazilian elementary students: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2017;100:223-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.035] - DOI - PubMed
Siegrist 2013 {published data only}
    1. Siegrist M, Lammel C, Haller B, Christle J, Halle M. Effects of a physical education program on physical activity, fitness, and health in children: the JuvenTUM project. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2013;23(3):323-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01387.x] - DOI - PubMed
Siegrist 2018 {published data only}
    1. Siegrist M, Hanssen H, Lammel C, Haller B, Halle M. A cluster randomised school-based lifestyle intervention programme for the prevention of childhood obesity and related early cardiovascular disease (JuvenTUM 3). BMC Public Health 2011;11:258. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-258] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Siegrist M, Hanssen H, Lammel C, Haller B, Koch AM, Stemp P, et al. Effects of a cluster-randomized school-based prevention program on physical activity and microvascular function (JuvenTUM 3). Atherosclerosis 2018;278:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.09.003] - DOI - PubMed
Simon 2008 {published data only}
    1. Simon C, Kellou N, Dugas J, Platat C, Copin N, Schweitzer B, et al. A socio-ecological approach promoting physical activity and limiting sedentary behavior in adolescence showed weight benefits maintained 2.5 years after intervention cessation. International Journal of Obesity 2014;38(7):936-43. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.23] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Simon C, Schweitzer B, Drai J, Kellou N, Sandalinas F, Reitzer C. Overweight prevention in adolescents by increasing physical activity: 6-year results of the randomized ICAPS study. Obesity Reviews 2011;12:26.
    1. Simon C, Schweitzer B, Oujaa M, Wagner A, Arveiler D, Triby E, et al. Erratum: Successful overweight prevention in adolescents by increasing physical activity: a 4-year randomized controlled intervention. International Journal of Obesity 2008;32(10):1606. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.138] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Simon C, Schweitzer B, Oujaa M, Wagner A, Arveiler D, Triby E, et al. Successful overweight prevention in adolescents by increasing physical activity: a 4-year randomized controlled intervention. International Journal of Obesity 2008;32(10):1489-98. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.99] - DOI - PubMed
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Spiegel 2006 {published data only}
    1. Spiegel SA, Foulk D. Reducing overweight through a multidisciplinary school-based intervention. Obesity 2006;14(1):88-96. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.11] - DOI - PubMed
Stettler 2015 {published data only}
    1. Stettler N, Wrotniak BH, Hill DL, Kumanyika SK, Xanthopoulos MS, Nihtianova S, et al. Prevention of excess weight gain in paediatric primary care: beverages only or multiple lifestyle factors. The Smart Step Study, a cluster-randomized clinical trial. Pediatric Obesity 2015;10(4):267-74. [DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.260] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Stolley 1997 {published data only}
    1. Stolley MR, Fitzgibbon ML. Effects of an obesity prevention program on the eating behaviour of African American mothers and daughters. Health Education and Behaviour 1997;24(2):152-64. [DOI: 10.1177/109019819702400] - DOI - PubMed
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Story 2003 {published data only}
    1. Story M, Sherwood NE, Himes JH, Davis M, Jacobs DJr, Cartwright Y, et al. An after-school obesity prevention program for African-American girls: the Minnesota GEMS pilot study. Ethnicity and Disease 2003;13(Suppl 1):S54-64. - PubMed
Story 2012 {published data only}
    1. Story M, Hannan O, Fulkerson JA, Rock BH, Smyth M, Arcan C, et al. Bright Start: Description and main outcomes from a group-randomized obesity prevention trial in American Indian children. Obesity 2012;20(11):2241-9. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.89] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhang J, Himes JH, Hannan PJ, Arcan C, Smyth M, Rock BH, et al. Summer effects on body mass index (BMI) gain and growth patterns of American Indian children from kindergarten to first grade: a prospective study. BMC Public Health 2011;11(1):951. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-951] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tanskey 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sacheck JM, Wright CM, Amin SA, Anzman-Frasca S, Chomitz VM, Chui KK, et al. The Fueling Learning Through Exercise study cluster RCT: impact on children's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2021;60(6):e239‐49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.01.002] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tanskey LA. An Investigation of Summer Weight Change in Elementary School Students. Vol. 10604315. Ann Arbor: Tufts University, Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 2017.
    1. Wright CM, Duquesnay PJ, Anzman-Frasca S, Chomitz VR, Chui K, Economos CD, et al. Study protocol: the Fueling Learning through Exercise (FLEX) study - a randomized controlled trial of the impact of school-based physical activity programs on children's physical activity, cognitive function, and academic achievement. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):1078. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3719-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Telford 2012 {published data only}
    1. Telford RD, Cunningham RB, Fitzgerald R, Olive LS, Prosser L, Jiang X, et al. Physical education, obesity, and academic achievement: a 2-year longitudinal investigation of Australian elementary school children. American Journal of Public Health 2012;102(2):368-74. [DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300220] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tessier 2008 {published data only}
    1. NCT01161212. REGULarity of Physical ActivitieS (REGUL'APS) [Physical activity, health-related quality of life and corpulence among french schoolchildren]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01161212 (first received 9 July 2010).
    1. Speyer E. Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Children and Adolescents: Approaches in General Population and Hospital. DART-Europe E-theses Portal [www.dart-europe.org], 2010.
    1. Tessier S. Beneficial Effects of the Physical Activity on Health-Related Quality of Life and the Corpulence: Epidemiological and Evaluative Approaches. Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1, 2008.
Thivel 2011 {published data only}
    1. Thivel D, Isacco L, Lazaar N, Aucouturier J, Ratel S, Dore E, et al. Effect of a 6-month school-based physical activity program on body composition and physical fitness in lean and obese schoolchildren. European Journal of Pediatrics 2011;170(11):1435-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00431-011-1466-x] - DOI - PubMed
Topham 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT02659319. Families and Schools for Health FiSH [Intervening in family and peer contexts to decrease child overweight]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02659319 (first received 7 January 2016).
    1. Topham GL, Washburn IJ, Hubbs-Tait L, Kennedy TS, Rutledge JM, Page MC, et al. The Families and Schools for Health Project: a longitudinal cluster randomized controlled trial targeting children with overweight and obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021;18(16):8744. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168744] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Treviño 2004 {published data only}
    1. Treviño RP, Yin Z, Hernandez A, Hale DE, Garcia OA, Mobley C. Impact of the Bienestar school-based diabetes mellitus prevention program on fasting capillary glucose levels: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2004;158(9):911-7. [DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.158.9.911] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
van de Berg 2020 {published data only}
    1. Evans A, Ranjit N, Hoelscher D, Jovanovic C, Lopez M, McIntosh A, et al. Impact of school-based vegetable garden and physical activity coordinated health interventions on weight status and weight-related behaviors of ethnically diverse, low-income students: Study design and baseline data of the Texas, Grow! Eat! Go! (TGEG) cluster-randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16:973. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3453-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Viggiano 2018 {published data only}
    1. Viggiano E, Viggiano A, Di Costanzo A, Viggiano A, Viggiano A, Andreozzi E, et al. Healthy lifestyle promotion in primary schools through the board game Kaledo: a pilot cluster randomized trial. European Journal of Pediatrics 2018;177(9):1371-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3091-4] - DOI - PubMed
Vizcaino 2008 {published data only}
    1. Vizcaíno VM, Aguilar FS, Gutiérrez RF, Martínez MS, López MS, Martínez SS, et al. Assessment of an after-school physical activity program to prevent obesity among 9- to 10-year-old children: a cluster randomized trial. International Journal of Obesity 2008;32:12-22. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803738] - DOI - PubMed
Wang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wang Y, Yuan Y, Xu GF. Evaluating the effect of school-based children obesity prevention and control. Chinese Health Service Management 2012;4:317-19.
Wang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Wang Z, Xu F, Ye Q, Tse LA, Xue H, Tan Z, et al. Childhood obesity prevention through a community-based cluster randomized controlled physical activity intervention among schools in China: the health legacy project of the 2nd world summer youth Olympic Games (YOG-Obesity study). International Journal of Obesity 2018;42(4):625-33. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.243] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Warren 2003 {published data only}
    1. Warren JM, Henry CJ, Lightowler HJ, Bradshaw SM, Perwaiz S. Evaluation of a pilot school programme aimed at the prevention of obesity in children. Health Promotion International 2003;18(4):287-96. [DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dag402] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Warren JM. Strategies for the Prevention of Obesity in Children. British Library - Electronic Theses Online Service (EThOS), 2002.
Wendel 2016 {published data only}
    1. Benden ME, Zhao H, Jeffrey CE, Wendel ML, Blake JJ. The evaluation of the impact of a stand-biased desk on energy expenditure and physical activity for elementary school students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2014;11(9):9361-75. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110909361] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Wendel ML, Benden ME, Zhao H, Jeffrey C. Stand-biased versus seated classrooms and childhood obesity: a randomized experiment in Texas. American Journal of Public Health 2016;106(10):1849-54. [DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303323] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
White 2019 {published data only}
    1. Hofer E. iCook 4-h: 0 to 24-Month Accelerometer-Derived Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in Youth. Vol. 10195167. Ann Arbor: South Dakota State University, 2016.
    1. Kattelmann KK, Meendering JR, Hofer EJ, Merfeld CM, Olfert MD, Hagedorn RL, et al. The iCook 4-H Study: report on physical activity and sedentary time in youth participating in a multicomponent program promoting family cooking, eating, and playing together. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior 2019;51(3S):S30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2018.09.002] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mathews DR. Development of a 3-Pronged Approach to Evaluation for the iCook 4-H Project [Thesis]. The University of Maine, 2015.
    1. Olfert FO, Flanagan S, Smith E. The effect of iCook 4-H, a childhood obesity prevention program, on blood pressure and quality of life in youth and adults: a randomized control trial. Journal of Childhood Obesity 2018;31(4):1-8.
    1. White AA, Colby SE, Franzen-Castle L, Kattelmann KK, Olfert MD, Gould TA, et al. The iCook 4-H Study: an intervention and dissemination test of a youth/adult out-of-school program. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior 2019;51(3S):S2-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2018.11.012] - DOI - PubMed
Williamson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hawkins KR, Burton JH, Apolzan JW, Thomson JL, Williamson DA, Martin CK. Efficacy of a school-based obesity prevention intervention at reducing added sugar and sodium in children's school lunches: the LA Health randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obesity 2018;42(11):1845-52. [DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0214-y] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Newton RL, Thomson JL, Rau KK, Ragusa SA, Sample AD, Singleton NN, et al. Psychometric characteristics of process evaluation measures for a rural school-based childhood obesity prevention study: Louisiana Health. American Journal of Health Promotion 2011;25(6):417-21. [DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.090914-ARB-297] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Williamson DA, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Han H, Martin CK, Newton RL Jr, et al. Effect of an environmental school-based obesity prevention program on changes in body fat and body weight: a randomized trial. Obesity 2012;20(8):1653-61. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.60] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Williamson DA, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Han H, Newton RJr, Stewart TM, et al. Louisiana (LA) Health: design and methods for a childhood obesity prevention program in rural schools. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2008;29(5):783-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2008.03.004] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Xu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Xin H, Qing Y, Zhiyong W, Huafeng Y, Shengxiang Q, Xupeng C, et al. Effectiveness of lifestyle intervention to prevent obesity among primary school students in Nanjing, China. Obesity Reviews 2016;17:123-4. [DOI: 10.1111/obr.12402] - DOI
    1. Xu F, Wang X, Ware RS, Tse LA, Wang Z, Hong X, et al. A school-based comprehensive lifestyle intervention among Chinese kids against Obesity (CLICK-Obesity) in Nanjing City, China: the baseline data. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;23(1):48-54. [DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.2014.23.1.04] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Xu F, Ware RS, Leslie E, Tse LA, Wang Z, Li J, et al. Effectiveness of a randomized controlled lifestyle intervention to prevent obesity among Chinese primary school students: CLICK-Obesity Study. PLOS One 2015;10(10):e0141421. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141421] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Xu F, Ware RS, Tse Lap A, Wang Z, Hong X, Song A, et al. A school-based comprehensive lifestyle intervention among Chinese kids against obesity (CLICK-Obesity): rationale, design and methodology of a randomized controlled trial in Nanjing city, China. BMC Public Health 2012;12:316. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-316] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Xu 2017 (5 other cities) {published data only}
    1. Shang X, Li Y, Xu H, Zhang Q, Hu X, Liu A, et al. Effect of multidimensional lifestyle interventions on metabolic risk reduction in children: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2020;133:106010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106010] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Xu H, Ecker O, Zhang Q, Du S, Liu A, Li Y, et al. The effect of comprehensive intervention for childhood obesity on dietary diversity among younger children: Evidence from a school-based randomized controlled trial in China. PLOS One [Electronic Resource] 2020;15(7):e0235951. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235951] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Xu H, Li Y, Du S, Zhang Q, Liu A, Sun J, et al. Cost-utility and cost-benefit analyses of school-based obesity prevention program. BMC Public Health 2020;20(1):1608. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09718-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Xu H, Li Y, Shang X, Du S, Zhang Q, Liu A, et al. Effect of comprehensive interventions including nutrition education and physical activity on high blood pressure among children: evidence from school-based cluster randomized control trial in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020;17(23):01. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238944] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Xu H, Li Y, Zhang Q, Hu XL, Liu A, Du S, et al. Comprehensive school-based intervention to control overweight and obesity in China: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2017;26(6):1139-51. [DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.112016.05] - DOI - PubMed
Yin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gutin B, Yin Z, Johnson M, Barbeau P. Preliminary findings of the effect of a 3-year after-school physical activity intervention on fitness and body fat: the Medical College of Georgia Fitkid Project. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 2008;3(Suppl 1):3-9. - PubMed
    1. Wang LY, Gutin B, Barbeau P, Moore JB, Hanes J, Johnson MH, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a school-based obesity prevention program. Journal of School Health 2008;78:619-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00357.x] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wang LY, Yang Q, Lowry R, Wechsler H. Economic analysis of a school-based obesity prevention program. Obesity Research 2003;11(11):1313-24. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.178] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Yin Z, Gutin B, Johnson MH, Hanes JJr, Moore JB, Cavnar M, et al. An environmental approach to obesity prevention in children: Medical College of Georgia FitKid Project year 1 results. Obesity Research 2005;13:2153-61. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.267] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Yin Z, Hanes JJr, Moore JB, Humbles P, Barbeau P, Gutin B. An after-school physical activity program for obesity prevention in children: The Medical College of Georgia FitKid Project. Evaluation and the Health Professions 2005;28:67-89. [DOI: 10.1177/0163278704273079] - DOI - PubMed
Zota 2016 {published data only}
    1. Zota D, Dalma A, Petralias A, Lykou A, Kastorini CM, Yannakoulia M, et al. Promotion of healthy nutrition among students participating in a school food aid program: a randomized trial. International Journal of Public Health 2016;61(5):583-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-016-0813-0] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Allender 2021 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12616000980437. Whole of Systems Trial Of Prevention Strategies for childhood obesity: WHO STOPS childhood obesity. https://anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12616000980437.aspx (first received 26 July 2016). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Allender S, Millar L, Hovmand P, Bell C, Moodie M, Carter R, et al. Whole of Systems Trial of Prevention Strategies for Childhood Obesity: WHO STOPS Childhood Obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health 2016;13(11):16. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111143] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Allender S, Orellana L, Crooks N, Bolton KA, Fraser P, Brown AD, et al. Four-Year Behavioral, Health-Related Quality of Life, and BMI Outcomes from a Cluster Randomized Whole of Systems Trial of Prevention Strategies for Childhood Obesity. Obesity 2021;29(6):1022‐35. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.23130] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Jacobs J, Strugnell C, Allender S, Orellana L, Backholer K, Bolton KA, et al. The impact of a community-based intervention on weight, weight-related behaviours and health-related quality of life in primary school children in Victoria, Australia, according to socio-economic position. BMC Public Health 2021;21(1):2179. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12150-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Beets 2014 {published data only}
    1. Beets MW, Glenn Weaver R, Turner-McGrievy G, Huberty J, Ward DS, Freedman DA, et al. Making healthy eating and physical activity policy practice: the design and overview of a group randomized controlled trial in afterschool programs. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2014;38(2):291-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2014.05.013] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Beets MW, Weaver RG, Turner-McGrievy G, Huberty J, Ward DS, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity outcomes in afterschool programs: a group randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2016;90:207-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.07.002] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Braun 2016 {published data only}
    1. Braun M, Cook C, Mukherjea R, Liska AD. A randomized, controlled, parallel study to assess the effects of soy protein on body composition and general health parameters in healthy children. In: FASEB Journal. Conference: Experimental Biology. Vol. 30. 2016.
Braun 2019 {published data only}
    1. Braun A, Hill E, Al-Muhanna K, Stigall N, Lobb J, Rausch J, et al. Garden-based intervention for youth improves dietary and physical activity patterns, quality of life, family relationships, and indices of health. Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior 52nd Annual Conference, Nutrition Education: rooted in Food, July 27-30, 2019, Orlando, Florida; NP23. In: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. Vol. 51. 2019:S20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2019.05.347] - DOI
Christiansen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Christiansen LB, Toftager M, Boyle E, Kristensen PL, Troelsen J. Effect of a school environment intervention on adolescent adiposity and physical fitness. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2013;23(6):e381-9. - PubMed
Coleman 2005 {published data only}
    1. Brown HS 3rd, Pérez A, Li YP, Hoelscher DM, Kelder SH, Rivera R. The cost-effectiveness of a school-based overweight program. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2007;4:47. [DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-4-47] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Coleman KJ, Tiller CL, Sanchez J, Heath EM, Sy O, Milliken G, et al. Prevention of the epidemic increase in child risk of overweight in low-income schools. Archives of Pedatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2005;159:217-24. - PubMed
    1. Duong Hao T. Body mass index trajectories and predictors among 3rd to 12th-graders using growth curve mixture modeling the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) study. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2009;70(3-B):1621.
    1. Heath EM, Coleman KJ. Adoption and institutionalization of the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) in El Paso, Texas. Health Promotion Practice 2003;4:159-64. [DOI: 10.1177/1524839902250770] - DOI - PubMed
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De Oliveira 2015 {published data only}
    1. De Oliveira F. Intervention through the curriculum for the prevention of obesity in schoolchildren, a two-year evaluation in urban public and private schools in Mexico [Intervención a través del currículo para la prevención de obesidad en escolares, evaluación de dos años en escuelas públicas y privadas urbanas de México]. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición 2015;65(Suppl 2):76.
Dominguez‐Munoz 2021 {published data only}
    1. Dominguez-Munoz A, Carlos-Vivas J, Barrios-Fernandez S, Adsuar JC, Morenas-Martin J, Garcia-Gordillo MA, et al. Pedagogical proposal of tele-exercise based on "square stepping exercise" in preschoolers: study protocol. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021;18(16):8649. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168649] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dong 2021 {published data only}
    1. Chen Y, Ma L, Ma Y, Wang H, Luo J, Zhang X, et al. A national school-based health lifestyles interventions among Chinese children and adolescents against obesity: rationale, design and methodology of a randomized controlled trial in China. BMC Public Health 2015;15:210. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1516-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dong Y, Zou Z, Wang H, Dong B, Hu P, Ma Y, et al. National school-based health lifestyles intervention in Chinese children and adolescents on obesity and hypertension [Intervention on obesity and hypertension]. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2021;9:615283. [DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.615283] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Fernald 2009 {published data only}
    1. Fernald LC, Gertler PJ, Neufeld LM. 10-year effect of Oportunidades, Mexico's conditional cash transfer programme, on child growth, cognition, language, and behaviour: a longitudinal follow-up study. Lancet 2009;374(9706):1997-2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61676-7] - DOI - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN11833436. Impact evaluation of Oportunidades. https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11833436 (first received 8 August 2007).
Gruber 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gruber R, Somerville G. Preliminary results from a multicomponent obesity prevention school based program. Sleep 2015;38:A392-3.
Herscovici 2013 {published data only}
    1. Herscovici CR, Kovalskys I, De Gregorio MJ. Gender differences and a school-based obesity prevention program in Argentina: a randomized trial. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 2013;34(2):75-82. - PubMed
Jones 2020 {published data only}
    1. Jones Paul Remy. The Associations of Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Aerobic Fitness with Lipoprotein Particle Profile in Children. DART-Europe E-theses Portal [www.dart-europe.org] 2020.
Lubans 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Aguiar EJ, Callister R. Randomized controlled trial of the Physical Activity Leaders (PALs) program for adolescent boys from disadvantaged secondary schools. Preventive Medicine 2011;52(3-4):239-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.009] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Callister R. Potential moderators and mediators of intervention effects in an obesity prevention program for adolescent boys from disadvantaged schools. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport 2012;15(6):519-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.03.011] - DOI - PubMed
Madsen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Madsen K, Linchey J, Gerstein D, Ross M, Myers E, Brown K, et al. Energy Balance 4 Kids with Play: results from a two-year cluster-randomized trial. Childhood Obesity 2015;11(4):375-83. [DOI: 10.1089/chi.2015.0002] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Myers EF, Gerstein DE, Foster Myers EF. Energy balance for kids with play: design and implementation of a multi-component school-based obesity prevention program. Childhood Obesity 2014;10(3):251-9. [DOI: 10.1089/chi.2013.0075] - DOI - PubMed
Madsen 2021 {published data only}
    1. Madsen KA, Linchey J, Ritchie L, Thompson HR. The Fit Study: Design and rationale for a cluster randomized trial of school-based BMI screening and reporting. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2017;58:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.05.005] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Madsen KA, Thompson HR, Linchey J, Ritchie LD, Gupta S, Neumark-Sztainer D, et al. Effect of school-based body mass index reporting in California public schools: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics 2021;175(3):251-9. [DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.4768] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mattos 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mattos LB, Mattos MB, Barbosa APO, Bauer MDS, Strack MH, Rosario P, et al. Promoting self-regulation in health among vulnerable Brazilian children: protocol study. Frontiers in Psychology 2018;9:651. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00651] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Meng 2020 {published data only}
    1. Cunningham-Sabo L, Lohse B, Smith S, Browning R, Strutz E, Nigg C, et al. Fuel for Fun: a cluster-randomized controlled study of cooking skills, eating behaviors, and physical activity of 4th graders and their families. BMC Public Health 2016;16:444. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3118-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lohse B, Cunningham-Sabo L. Quantifying parent engagement in the randomized Fuel for Fun impact study identified design considerations and BMI relationships. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2021;21(1):205. [DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01398-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Meng Y, Lohse B, Cunningham-Sabo L. Sex modifies the association between the CLOCK variant rs1801260 and BMI in school-age children. PLOS One 2020;15(8):e0236991. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236991] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Muckelbauer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Muckelbauer R, Libuda L, Clausen K, Kersting M. Approaches for the prevention of overweight through modified beverage consumption in the elementary school setting. The "trinkfit" study [Ansätze der Übergewichtsprävention durch verbessertes Trinkverhalten im Setting Grundschule. Die „trinkfit“-Studie]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 2011;54(3):339-48. - PubMed
    1. Muckelbauer R, Libuda L, Clausen K, Toschke A. Immigrational background affects the effectiveness of a school-based overweight prevention program promoting water consumption. Obesity 2010;18(3):528-34. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.270] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Muckelbauer R, Libuda L, Clausen K, Toschke AM, Reinehr T, Kersting M. Promotion and provision of drinking water in schools for overweight prevention: randomized, controlled cluster trial. Nutrition Today 2012;47:S27. [DOI: 10.1097/NT.0b013e318264ef5b] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Muckelbauer R, Libuda L, Clausen K, Toschke AM, Reinehr T, Kersting M. Promotion and provision of drinking water in schools for overweight prevention: randomized, controlled cluster trial. Pediatrics 2009;123(4):e661-7. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-2186] - DOI - PubMed
NCT00061165 2003 {published data only}
    1. NCT00061165. Obesity prevention in African American school children. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00061165 (first received 21 May 2003).
NCT01845480 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT01845480. The Wildcat Wellness Coaching Trial [The Wildcat Wellness Coaching Trial: home-based obesity prevention and health promotion in children and adolescents]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01845480 (first received 29 April 2013).
NCT03069274 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT03069274. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake substitution by water to prevent overweight in Mexican children [Impact of a randomized school-based intervention on sugar-sweetened beverage intake substitution by water to prevent excessive weight in Mexican scholars]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03069274 (first received 28 February 2017).
NCT03422926 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03422926. ChildObesity180 - Social marketing campaign to encourage healthful eating in restaurants for children CO180 [ChildObesity180 - Social marketing campaign to encourage healthful eating in restaurants for children]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03422926 (first received 24 April 2017).
NCT03469752 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03469752. Latino fathers promoting healthy youth behaviors. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03469752 (first received 8 March 2018).
NCT03479658 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03479658. Dose-effect of HIIT on cardiovascular health of children [Dose-effect of HIIT on cardiovascular health of children aged 9 to 10 years old participating in a school based multidisciplinary intervention program: a pilot study]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03479658 (first received 20 February 2018).
NCT03885115 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03885115. Lace Up and Move: structured after school intervention for Hispanic and African American youth LUAM [Lace Up and Move: structured after school intervention for Hispanic and African American youth]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03885115 (first received 19 March 2019).
NCT04863040 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04863040. The impact of activity breaks on cognitive function, adiposity and fitness in preschoolers MOVI-HIIT [The impact of a classroom-based physical activity breaks on cognitive function, adiposity and fitness in preschool children (MOVI-HIIT)]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04863040 (first received 20 March 2021).
NCT04864574 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04864574. Childcare Outdoor Learning Environments as Active Food Systems COLEAFS [Childcare Outdoor Learning Environments as Active Food Systems: effectiveness of the Preventing Obesity by Design (POD) gardening component]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04864574 (first received 10 April 2021).
NCT05358444 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05358444. Family diabetes prevention program pilot study. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05358444 (first received 27 April 2022).
NCT05417347 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05417347. Full-fat dairy products, body weight control and metabolic health [The role of full-fat dairy products on body weight control and metabolic health in adults and children]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05417347 (first received 8 April 2022).
NCT05468216 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05468216. Movement integration in primary schools' lessons MovIn-lessons [The effect of MovIn-lessons project on physical activity levels, executive functions, academic performance and on-task behaviour in primary schools: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05468216 (first received 9 May 2022).
Nezami 2020 {published data only}
    1. Nezami B, Power J, Hurley L, Tate D. A randomized controlled trial of two diet monitoring approaches in a mobile weight loss intervention. Obesity 2020;28(Suppl 2):43. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.23063] - DOI
Parkinson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Parkinson KN, Jones AR, Tovee MJ, Ells LJ, Pearce MS, Araujo-Soares V, et al. A cluster randomised trial testing an intervention to improve parents' recognition of their child's weight status: study protocol. BMC Public Health 2015;15:549. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1882-3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Perry 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT02932813. Translational health after school program on health-related knowledge/behaviors and exercise perception THINK [The effects of a translational health after school program on health-related knowledge/behaviors and exercise perception in minority children]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02932813 (first received 1 September 2016).
    1. Perry AC, Flanagan EW, Velasquez C, Bolon KD, Zito GC, Ahn S. The effects of a science-based community intervention on health outcomes in minority children: The Translational Health in Nutrition and Kinesiology Program. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2021;18(9):1074-81. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0622] - DOI - PubMed
Polonsky 2019 {published data only}
    1. Foster GD. Error in statistical code in cluster randomized trial on the effect of a breakfast in the classroom initiative on obesity in urban, school-aged children. JAMA Pediatrics 2019;173(7):703-4. [DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1589] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Polonsky HM, Bauer KW, Fisher JO, Davey A, Sherman S, Abel ML, et al. Effect of a breakfast in the classroom initiative on obesity in urban school-aged children: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics 2019;173(4):326-33. [DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5531] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Polonsky HM, Bauer KW, Fisher JO, Davey A, Sherman S, Abel ML, et al. Errors in the Abstract, Results Section, and Table 2. JAMA Pediatrics 2019;173(7):704. [DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1770] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Polonsky HM. Effects of a Breakfast in The Classroom Initiative on Childhood Obesity in Low-Income Ethnically Diverse Youth: A Randomized Control Trial. ProQuest LLC 2017;10262670:52.
Prina 2014 {published data only}
    1. Prina S, Royer H. The importance of parental knowledge: evidence from weight report cards in Mexico. Journal of Health Economics 2014;37:232-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2014.07.001] - DOI - PubMed
Reed 2008 {published data only}
    1. Naylor P, Macdonald H, Reed K, McKay HA. Action Schools BC: a socio-ecological approach to modifying disease risk factors in elementary school children. Preventing Chronic Disease 2006;3(2):A6017-19. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Naylor P, Macdonald HM, Zebedee JA, Reed KE, McKay HA. Lessons learned from Action Schools BC: an active schools model to promote physical activity in elementary schools. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2006;9(5):413-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2006.06.013] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Reed KE, Warburton DE, Macdonald HM, Naylor PJ, McKay HA. Action Schools! BC: a school-based physical activity intervention designed to decrease cardiovascular disease risk factors in children. Preventive Medicine 2008;46(6):525-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.020] - DOI - PubMed
Robbins 2006 {published data only}
    1. Robbins LB, Gretebeck KA, Kazanis AS, Pender NJ. Girls on the move program to increase physical activity participation. Nursing Research 2006;55(3):206-16. [DOI: 10.1097/00006199-200605000-00007] - DOI - PubMed
Sallis 1993 {published data only}
    1. Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Alcaraz JE, Kolody B, Hovell MF, Nader PR. Project SPARK. Effects of physical education on adiposity in children. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1993;699:127-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18844.x] - DOI - PubMed
Sevinc 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sevinc O, Bozkurt AI, Gundogdu M, Bas Aslan U, Agbuga B, Aslan S, Dikbas E, Gokce Z. Evaluation of the effectiveness of an intervention program on preventing childhood obesity in Denizli, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2011;41(6):1097-105. [DOI: 10.3906/sag-1009-1179] - DOI
Waters 2017 {published data only}
    1. Waters E, Gibbs L, Tadic M, Ukoumunne OC, Magarey A, Okely AD, et al. Cluster randomised trial of a school-community child health promotion and obesity prevention intervention: findings from the evaluation of fun 'n healthy in Moreland! BMC Public Health 2017;18(1):92. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4625-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zafiropulos 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zafiropulos V, Chatzi V, Dimitropoulakis P, Markaki A, Fthenakis ZG, Thalassinos N, et al. T7:PO.036 Preliminary results of a dietary intervention among primary school children. Obesity Facts 2015;8:133. [DOI: 10.1159/000382140] - DOI

References to studies awaiting assessment

Kornilaki 2022 {published data only}
    1. Kornilaki EN, Skouteris H, Morris H. Developing connections between healthy living and environmental sustainability concepts in Cretan preschool children: a randomized trial. Early Child Development and Care 2022;192(11):1685-98. [DOI: 10.1080/03004430.2021.1925664] - DOI
Larruy‐Garcia 2022 {published data only}
    1. Larque E. Changes in body composition after one year of lifestyle intervention in children at risk of obesity: Preliminary results Melipop study. XXXI Congress of the Spanish Nutrition Society (SEN) Cartagena (Spain), 15th to 17th September 2022. Topic: Personalized Nutrition and Health; OC012. In: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 20220901 edition. Vol. 78 Suppl 3. 2022:1-63. [DOI: 10.1159/000526374] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT04597281. MEditerranean LIfestyle in Pediatric Obesity Prevention MELI-POP [MEditerranean LIfestyle in Pediatric Obesity Prevention]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04597281 (first received 28 September 2022).
Widhalm 2022 {published data only}
    1. Widhalm K, Hauer R, Tschan H, Porjesova K. Effects of an 9-months nutritional and sports-intervention in elementary school children 8–11 years of age: EDDY-Young Study [Effekte einer Ernährungs- und Sportintervention bei Volkschulkindern im Alter von 8–11 Jahren nach neunmonatiger Intervention: EDDY Young Studie]. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2022;47(2):101-10. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1628-0562] - DOI

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12620001101976 2020 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12620001101976. The Pasifika Preventing Diabetes Programme: a lifestyle intervention through community activation and peer support among Pasifika people [The Pasifika Preventing Diabetes Programme: a stepped wedge cluster randomised trial investigating the effect of a lifestyle intervention involving community activation and peer support, on HbA1c levels among Pasifika people]. https://anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12620001101976.aspx (first received 23 October 2020).
ACTRN12622000906752 2022 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12622000906752. An Aotearoa New Zealand Diet for Metabolic Health and Whanau Wellbeing: he Rourou Whai Painga [An Aotearoa New Zealand Diet for metabolic health and Whanau Wellbeing: He Rourou Whai Painga (HRWP); a randomised controlled trial of a dietary pattern in adults at metabolic risk and their whanau and the effect on metabolic syndrome z score]. https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89011056 (first received 14 June 2022).
Andino 2022 {published data only}
    1. Andino J, Park-Mroch J, Francis SL, O'Shea AMJ, Engebretsen B, Rice S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a community-based obesity intervention utilizing motivational interviewing and community resource mobilization for low-income families: Study protocol and baseline characteristics. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2022;112:106626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106626] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Barragan 2022 {published data only}
    1. Barragan M, Luna V, Hammons AJ, Olvera N, Greder K, Drumond Andrade FC, et al. Reducing obesogenic eating behaviors in Hispanic children through a family-based, culturally-tailored RCT: Abriendo Caminos. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health 2022;19(4):1917. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19041917] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hammons AJ, Hannon BA, Teran-Garcia M, Barragan M, Villegas E, Wiley A, et al. Effects of culturally tailored nutrition education on dietary quality of Hispanic mothers: a randomized control trial. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior 2019;31:31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2019.06.017] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Hannon BA, Teran-Garcia M, Nickols-Richardson SM, Musaad SMA, Villegas EM, Hammons A, et al. Implementation and evaluation of the Abriendo Caminos program: a randomized control trial intervention for Hispanic children and families. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;51(10):1211-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2019.08.011] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT03479658. Dose-effect of HIIT on cardiovascular health of children [Dose-effect of HIIT on cardiovascular health of children aged 9 to 10 years old participating in a school based multidisciplinary intervention program: a pilot study]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03479658 (first received 20 February 2018).
Brooks 2022 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12619001019190. The Strong Families Trial: Randomised controlled trial of a family strengthening program to prevent unhealthy weight gain among 5- to 11-year old children from at risk families. https://anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12619001019190.aspx (first received 16 July 2019). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Brooks C, Helson C, McCormack M, Baur LA, Gill T, Green J, et al. Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of a family strengthening program to prevent unhealthy weight gain among 5 to 11-year-old children from at-risk families: the Strong Families Trial. BMC Public Health 2022;22(1):1215. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13452-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bustos 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bustos N, Olivares S, Leyton B, Cano m, Albala C. Impact of a school-based intervention on nutritional education and physical activity in primary public schools in Chile (KIND) programme study protocol: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):1217. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3878-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Byrd‐Bredbenner 2022 {published data only}
    1. Byrd-Bredbenner C, Santiago E, Eck KM, Delaney CL, Quick VM, Pozzoli A, et al. HomeStyles-2: randomized controlled trial protocol for a web-based obesity prevention program for families with children in middle childhood. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2022;112:106644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106644] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Carman K, O'Neal LJ, Byrd-Bredbenner C, Olfert MD, Shelnutt KP. HomeStyles-2 for SNAP-Ed families with children in middle childhood: cluster randomized trial protocol. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2022;117:106771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106771] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT04802291. HomeStyles-2: Shaping HOME environments and LifeSTYLES to prevent childhood obesity HomeStyles-2 [HomeStyles-2: shaping HOME environments and LifeSTYLES to prevent childhood obesity]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04802291 (first received 14 March 2021).
    1. NCT05019339. HomeStyles-2: Shaping HOME Environments and LifeSTYLES to Prevent Childhood Obesity in SNAP-Education. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05019339 (first received 11 August 2021).
    1. Shelnutt K, Olfert MD, Byrd-Bredbenner C. NP21 Advancing and Expanding HomeStyles: shaping HOME Environments and LifeSTYLES to Prevent Childhood Obesity. Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior 52nd Annual Conference, Nutrition Education: rooted in Food, July 27-30, 2019, Orlando, Florida. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;51:S19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2019.05.345] - DOI
Cespedes 2021 {published data only}
    1. Cespedes LG, Fretes G, Rios P, Estigarribia G, Viveros G, Aguilar G, et al. Design of a multi-component controlled randomized community study for obesity prevention in school children: research protocol [Spanish]. Revista Espanola de Nutricion Humana y Dietetica 2021;24(4):389-97. [DOI: 10.14306/RENHYD.24.4.1024] - DOI
ChiCTR2000033945 2020 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000033945. Reducing the intake of beverages among primary school students [Intervention among primary school students reducing beverages in Nanjing]. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=55267 (first received 18 June 2020).
ChiCTR‐IOR‐16009997 2016 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-IOR-16009997. Application of technique on early diagnosis and comprehensive prevention for children nutritious risk based on mobile platform. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=17009 (first received 24 November 2016).
ChiCTR‐PRC‐08000053 2008 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-PRC-08000053. School based child obesity prevention study in urban Beijing, China. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=9472 (first received 14 February 2008).
ChiCTR‐TRC‐12001880 2012 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-TRC-12001880. A novel intervention to modify dietary behaviors related to childhood obesity based on behavior modification theory: a cluster randomized controlled trial [Study on the intervention strategy of dietary behaviors related to childhood obesity based on behavior modification theory]. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=7668 (first received 14 January 2012).
CTRI/2020/10/028700 2020 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/10/028700. Health promotion against non-communicable diseases risk factors [Vitalizing Community against Non-communicable diseases (V-CaN): a cluster field trial for health promotion against non-communicable diseases risk factors in rural India - V-CaN]. http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=47597 (first received 28 October 2020).
Cunha 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cunha DB, Verly Junior E, Paravidino VB, Araujo MC, Mediano MFF, Sgambato MR, et al. Design of a school randomized trial for nudging students towards healthy diet and physical activity to prevent obesity: PAAPAS Nudge study protocol. Medicine 2017;96(50):e8898. [DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008898] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03136016. Nudging, healthy diet and physical activity [Design of a school randomized trial for nudging students towards healthy diet and physical activity]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03136016 (first received 27 April 2017). - PMC - PubMed
DRKS00023824 2020 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00023824. Fitness and health status of primary school children in the greater Klagenfurt area. http://drks.de/en/trial/DRKS00023824 (first received 30 December 2020).
DRKS00025515 2021 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00025515. The daily sports activity hour in primary school in the greater Klagenfurt area. http://drks.de/en/trial/DRKS00025515 (first received 8 June 2021).
Dukhi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dukhi N, Sartorius B, Taylor M. A behavioural change intervention study for the prevention of childhood obesity in South Africa: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2020;20(1):179. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8272-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Elinder 2018 {published data only}
    1. Elinder LS, Patterson E, Nyberg G, Norman A. A Healthy School Start Plus for prevention of childhood overweight and obesity in disadvantaged areas through parental support in the school setting - study protocol for a parallel group cluster randomised trial. BMC Public Health 2018;18(1):459. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5354-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Elinder 2021 {published data only}
    1. Elinder LS, Wiklund CA, Norman A, Stattin NS, Andermo S, Patterson E, et al. IMplementation and evaluation of the school-based family support PRogram a Healthy School Start to promote child health and prevent OVErweight and obesity (IMPROVE) - study protocol for a cluster-randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2021;21(1):1630. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11663-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04984421. IMplementation of the Family Support PRogramme A Healthy School Start to Prevent OVErweight and Obesity (IMPROVE) [IMplementation and Evaluation of the School-based Family Support PRogramme A Healthy School Start to Promote Child Health and Prevent OVErweight and Obesity (IMPROVE) - study protocol for a cluster-randomized]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04984421 (first received 12 July 2021). - PMC - PubMed
Friedrich 2015 {published data only}
    1. Friedrich RR, Caetano LC, Schiffner M, BWagner MD, Schuch I. Design, randomization and methodology of the TriAtiva Program to reduce obesity in school children in Southern Brazil. BMC Public Health 2015;15:363. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1727-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. RBR-2xx2z4. Effect of an intervention program for nutrition education and physical activity in the prevention of obesity in schoolchildren [Effect of an intervention program with nutrition education and physical activity in the prevention of obesity in school children: a randomized controlled trial]. http://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-2xx2z4 (first received 14 August 2014).
Gerber 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gerber M, Ayekoé SA, Beckmann J, Bonfoh B, Coulibaly JT, Daouda D, et al. Effects of school-based physical activity and multi-micronutrient supplementation intervention on growth, health and well-being of schoolchildren in three African countries: the KaziAfya cluster randomised controlled trial protocol with a 2 × 2 factorial design. Trials 2020;21(1):22. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3883-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Long KZ, Beckmann J, Lang C, Seelig H, Nqweniso S, Probst-Hensch N, et al. Associations of growth impairment and body composition among South African school-aged children enrolled in the KaziAfya Project. Nutrients 2021;13(8):2735. [DOI: 10.3390/nu13082735] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gittelsohn 2017 {published data only}
    1. Estrade M, Dongen EJI, Trude ACB, Poirier L, Fleischhacker S, Wensel CR, et al. Exposure to a multilevel, multicomponent obesity prevention intervention (OPREVENT2) in rural Native American communities: variability and association with change in diet quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021;18(22):12128. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212128] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gittelsohn J, Jock B, Poirier L, Wensel C, Pardilla M, Fleischhacker S, et al. Implementation of a multilevel, multicomponent intervention for obesity control in Native American communities (OPREVENT2): challenges and lessons learned. Health Education Research 2020;35(3):228-42. [DOI: 10.1093/her/cyaa012] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gittelsohn J, Jock B, Redmond L, Fleischhacker S, Eckmann T, Bleich SN, et al. OPREVENT2: Design of a multi-institutional intervention for obesity control and prevention for American Indian adults. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):105. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4018-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Glazebrook 2012 {published data only}
    1. Glazebrook C, Batty M, Mullan N, Sayal K, Nathan D, McWilliams L, et al. 48 Cluster-randomised trial of a targeted intervention to promote exercise self-efficacy and reduce BMI in children at risk of obesity. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2012;97(Suppl 2):A13. [DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2012-302724.0048] - DOI
    1. Glazebrook C. Evaluating the effectiveness of a schools-based programme to promote exercise self-efficacy in children and young people with risk factors for obesity: steps to active kids (STAK). BMC Public Health 2011;11:830. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-830] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
IRCT2014042315797N3 2014 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2014042315797N3. Effect of health promotion interventions on nutritional behaviors [Effect of community-based health promotion interventions on nutritional behaviors of households in Hamadan city by applying the combined model]. http://en.irct.ir/trial/14955 (first received 12 July 2014).
IRCT2016012626078N2 2016 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016012626078N2. Prevention of obesity in children [Development and evaluation of intervention based on enabling mothers for prevention of obesity in 4 to 6 years old children]. http://en.irct.ir/trial/21710 (first received 12 February 2016).
ISRCTN06248443 2014 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN06248443. Obesity Prevention Tailored for Health II [Obesity Prevention Tailored for Health II: a randomized study]. http://isrctn.com/ISRCTN06248443 (first received 30 January 2014).
ISRCTN11371954 2020 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN11371954. VisezEau® (ReachforWater): a project to learn how to increase drinking of tap water and reduce drinking of bottled and sugary drinks among primary school children, with the aim of encouraging healthy weight and protecting the environment [The VisezEau® (ReachforWater) intervention trial in primary school: shifting towards normalization of non-bottled tap water consumption for preventing excess weight gain and for environmental protection]. http://isrctn.com/ISRCTN11371954 (first received 28 December 2019).
ISRCTN12378125 2021 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN12378125. Can embedding the MapMe intervention, a tool to improve parental acknowledgement and understanding of childhood overweight and obesity, in the National Child Measurement Programme lead to improved child weight outcomes at one year? [The MapMe intervention, a tool to improve parental acknowledgement and understanding of childhood overweight and obesity, embedded in the National Child Measurement Programme to improve child weight outcomes at one year]. https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN12378125 (first received 10 August 2021).
ISRCTN52180050 2022 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN52180050. An in-classroom physical activity breaks program to improve academic achievement, movement behaviors and health outcomes in grade five students in Sri Lanka [Classroom-based physical activity breaks to improve academic achievement, behavioral health and health outcomes among primary school children in Badulla District Sri Lanka]. https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN52180050 (first received 5 August 2022).
ISRCTN76013675 2014 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN76013675. A physical activity and family-based intervention in pediatric obesity prevention in the school setting [A physical activity and family-based intervention in pediatric obesity prevention in the school setting: a randomised controlled trial]. http://isrctn.com/ISRCTN76013675 (first received 7 November 2014).
JPRN‐UMIN000014896 2014 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000014896. Study on the medical checkup system for prevention of lifestyle diseases including diabetes in underage groups, especially infants, elementary and junior high school children {Study on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity by Behavioral Approach (Lifestyle modification approach) for Elementary School Children} [Study on the medical checkup system for prevention of lifestyle diseases including diabetes in underage groups, especially infants, elementary and junior high school children {Study on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity by Behavioral Approach (Lifestyle modification approach) for Elementary School Children} - STOP Obesity Project for Elementary School Children]. https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R0000... (first received 18 August 2014).
JPRN‐UMIN000014992 2014 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000014992. Impact of a life style intervention in incident and prevalence of overweight and obesity among secondary school children in Hanoi [Impact of a life style intervention in incident and prevalence of overweight and obesity among secondary school children in Hanoi - Impact of a life style intervention in incident and prevalence of overweight and obesity among secondary school children in Hanoi]. https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=r0000... (first received 29 August 2014).
JPRN‐UMIN000036544 2019 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000036544. Challenge and new strategy of health promotion for health and longevity in Okinawa residents 2: yui Kenko Project 2 [Challenge and new strategy of health promotion for health and longevity in Okinawa residents 2: Yui Kenko Project 2 - Yui Kenko Project 2]. https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R0000... (first received 30 June 2019).
JPRN‐UMIN000039773 2020 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000039773. Evaluation of a community-based football-driven nutrition education program among primary school children [Evaluation of a community-based football-driven nutrition education program among primary school children - Community-based football-driven nutrition education program among primary school children]. https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R0000... (first received 11 March 2020).
Lane 2018 {published data only}
    1. Lane HG, Deitch R, Wang Y, Black MM, Dunton GF, Aldoory L, et al. "Wellness Champions for Change," a multi-level intervention to improve school-level implementation of local wellness policies: Study protocol for a cluster randomized trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2018;75:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.10.008] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Laroche 2020 {published data only}
    1. Laroche H, O'Shea A, Andino J, Engebretsen B, Rice S, Dejear M, et al. A family obesity intervention combining motivation interviewing and resource mobilization. Obesity 2020;28(Suppl 2):42. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.23063] - DOI
Leung 2018 {published data only}
    1. DeFrank G, Singh S, Mateo KF, Harrison L, Rosenthal A, Gorman A, et al. Key recruitment and retention strategies for a pilot web-based intervention to decrease obesity risk among minority youth. Pilot & Feasibility Studies 2019;5:109. [DOI: 10.1186/s40814-019-0492-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dublin M, Mateo K, Gamoso W, Harrison L, Verdaguer S, Leung M. Goal-setting for healthy eating in intervention INC: a web-based interactive comic tool to decrease obesity risk among urban minority preadolescents. Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo, 26-29 October 2019, Philadelphia, PA. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics 2019;119(9):A‐75.
    1. Leung MM, Mateo KF, Verdaguer S, Wyka K. Testing a Web-based interactive comic tool to decrease obesity risk among minority preadolescents: protocol for a pilot randomized control trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2018;7(11):e10682. [DOI: 10.2196/10682] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Magalhaes 2020 {published data only}
    1. Magalhaes P, Silva C, Pereira B, Figueiredo G, Guimaraes A, Pereira A, et al. An online-based intervention to promote healthy eating through self-regulation among children: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(1):786. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04685-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Marcos‐Pasero 2022 {published data only}
    1. Marcos-Pasero H, Aguilar-Aguilar E, la Iglesia R, Espinosa-Salinas I, Molina S, Colmenarejo G, et al. "GENYAL" Study to childhood obesity prevention: methodology and preliminary results. Frontiers in Nutrition 2022;9:777384. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.777384] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03419520. GENYAL Study to Childhood Obesity Prevention [Detection of genetic polymorphisms associated with obesity and its complications in schoolchildren within the Madrid community, and evaluation of health actions for reducing the risk]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03419520 (first received 19 January 2018).
Marrero 2021 {published data only}
    1. Marrero DG, Blew RM, Palmer KNB, James K, Roe DJ, Hingle MD. Rationale and design of a type 2 diabetes prevention intervention for at-risk mothers and children at a Federally Qualified Healthcare Center: EPIC El Rio Families study protocol. BMC Public Health 2021;21(1):346. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10392-w] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
McWhannell 2018 {published data only}
    1. McWhannell N, Foweather L, Graves LEF, Henaghan JL, Ridgers ND, Stratton G. From surveillance to intervention: overview and baseline findings for the Active City of Liverpool Active Schools and SportsLinx (A-CLASS) Project. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health 2018;15(4):23. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040582] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mehdizadeh 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mehdizadeh A, Nematy M, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Sardar MA, Leis A, et al. A customized intervention program aiming to improve healthy eating and physical activity among preschool children: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (Iran Healthy Start Study). JMIR Research Protocols 2018;7(12):e11329. [DOI: 10.2196/11329] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Metayer 2018 {published data only}
    1. Metayer N, Boulos R, Tovar A, Gervis J, Abreu J, Hval E, et al. Recruitment of new immigrants into a randomized controlled prevention trial: The Live Well Experience. Journal of Primary Prevention 2018;39(5):453-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s10935-018-0519-6] - DOI - PubMed
Moreno 2021 {published data only}
    1. Moreno GD, Schmidt LA, Ritchie LD, McCulloch CE, Cabana MD, Brindis CD, et al. A cluster-randomized controlled trial of an elementary school drinking water access and promotion intervention: rationale, study design, and protocol. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2021;101:106255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106255] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03181971. School water access, food and beverage intake, and obesity [The impact of the school water access on child food and beverage intake and obesity]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03181971 (first received 3 June 2017).
Moreno 2022 {published data only}
    1. Moreno JP, Dadabhoy H, Musaad S, Baranowski T, Thompson D, Alfano CA, et al. Evaluation of a circadian rhythm and sleep-focused mobile health intervention for the prevention of accelerated summer weight gain among elementary school-age children: protocol for a randomized controlled feasibility study. JMIR Research Protocols 2022;11(5):e37002. [DOI: 10.2196/37002] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04445740. The i Heart Rhythm Project: healthy sleep and behavioral rhythms for obesity prevention [Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of the i Heart Rhythm Project]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04445740 (first received 26 May 2020).
NCT00005750 2000 {published data only}
    1. NCT00005750. School and family-based obesity prevention for children. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00005750 (first received 25 May 2000).
NCT00185770 2005 {published data only}
    1. NCT00185770. Reducing television viewing to prevent childhood obesity. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00185770 (first received 12 September 2005).
NCT00185978 2005 {published data only}
    1. NCT00185978. Obesity prevention for pre-adolescents [School- and family-based obesity prevention for children]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00185978 (first received 12 September 2005).
NCT00476775 2007 {published data only}
    1. NCT00476775. Ethnic dance and screen time reduction to prevent weight gain in Latina girls ECHALE [Ethnic dance and screen time reduction to prevent weight gain in Latina girls]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00476775 (first received 18 May 2007).
NCT00747513 2008 {published data only}
    1. NCT00747513. A multi-component program to reduce obesity in children [A multi-component program to improve lifestyle habits and reduce obesity in children]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00747513 (first received 4 September 2008).
NCT00787709 2008 {published data only}
    1. NCT00787709. Translational obesity research [Translational research: applying drug prevention to obesity prevention]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00787709 (first received 6 November 2008).
NCT00797615 2008 {published data only}
    1. NCT00797615. Project diabetes: weight gain prevention in Hispanic girls (GEMAS Study) GEMAS [Project diabetes: weight gain prevention in Hispanic girls (GEMAS Study)]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00797615 (first received 21 November 2008).
NCT00944164 2009 {published data only}
    1. NCT00944164. Primary care obesity prevention and treatment [Test the feasibility of primary care obesity prevention and treatment - pilot study]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00944164 (first received 9 July 2009).
NCT01373307 2011 {published data only}
    1. NR. Ongoing study. March 2010 (date of first enrolment). Contact author for more information.
NCT01513343 2012 {published data only}
    1. NCT01513343. Promoting the self-regulation of energy intake SEEDs [Promoting the self-regulation of energy intake in African American and Latino Preschoolers: a family focused obesity prevention program]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01513343 (first received 17 January 2012).
NCT01626807 2012 {published data only}
    1. NCT01626807. Evaluation of a walking school bus program [Evaluation of a walking school bus program: a cluster randomized controlled trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01626807 (first received 21 June 2012):NCT01626807.
NCT02104973 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02104973. Obesity prevention in schoolchildren CRECES [Design and evaluation of a strategy to prevent overweight and obesity in schoolchildren in Mexico City]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02104973 (first received 24 January 2014).
NCT02161809 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02161809. Turn up the HEAT - Healthy Eating and Activity Time in summer day camps HEPA [Turn up the HEAT - Healthy Eating and Activity Time in summer day camps]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02161809 (first received 10 June 2014). - PMC - PubMed
NCT02197390 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02197390. An ecological approach to addressing childhood obesity issues in Imperial County Our Choice [An ecological approach to addressing childhood obesity issues in Imperial County]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02197390 (first received 11 July 2014).
NCT02425046 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02425046. Family obesity intervention: motivational interviewing and community support [Family obesity intervention: motivational interviewing and community support]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02425046 (first received 11 December 2014).
NCT02721602 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT02721602. Families preventing diabetes together. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02721602 (first received 16 February 2016).
NCT03186508 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03186508. Enhancing sleep duration: effects on children's eating and activity behaviors-renewal. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03186508 (first received 3 March 2017):NCT03186508.
NCT03524183 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03524183. Virtual fitness buddy ecosystem [The virtual fitness buddy ecosystem: using digital technology to promote and sustain moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity in children]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03524183 (first received 1 May 2018).
NCT03766191 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03766191. Genetic Predisposition to food cue reactivity in children [The relation of genetic factors, food cues, and self-regulation with excess consumption and adiposity in children]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03766191 (first received 4 December 2018).
NCT03805295 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03805295. Implementation and evaluation of a before school physical activity program in Revere, MA [Implementation and evaluation of a before school physical activity program in Revere, MA]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03805295 (first received 11 January 2019).
NCT03817021 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03817021. ONE PATH: Optimizing nutrition education for parents and teachers for healthy growth ONE PATH [ONE PATH: Optimizing nutrition education for parents and teachers for healthy growth]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03817021 (first received 18 January 2019).
NCT03980262 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03980262. Church, extension and academic partners empowering healthy families EHF [Church, extension and academic partners empowering healthy families]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03980262 (first received 3 June 2019).
NCT03996109 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03996109. Living Green and Healthy for Teens [Living Green and Healthy for Teens (LiGHT) - a randomized trial evaluating behaviour change using a gamified healthy living app for youth and their families]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03996109 (first received 24 June 2019).
NCT04072549 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT04072549. Reducing health disparities in childhood obesity [Reducing health disparities in childhood obesity using financial incentives in low-income households]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04072549 (first received 26 August 2019).
NCT04608188 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04608188. Preventing weight gain and unhealthy behaviors in children [An intervention to prevent weight gain and unhealthy behaviors in children from economically disadvantaged circumstances]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04608188 (first received 21 October 2020). [UNITED: States]
NCT04644224 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04644224. Parent and family oriented support interventions for the facilitation of weight loss in African American families [A peer and family-based approach to obesity in African American families]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04644224 (first received 21 October 2020).
NCT04772859 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04772859. Evaluation of an online lifestyle intervention in Mexican school children during COVID-19 pandemic [Evaluation of a 4-month online lifestyle intervention on the BMI Z-score of Mexican school children during COVID-19 pandemic: randomized controlled pilot trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04772859 (first received 13 February 2021).
NCT04886817 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04886817. Intervention to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in children and families SCOPE-IT [A health systems intervention to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in young children and families]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04886817 (first received 11 May 2021).
NCT04905966 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04905966. Effect of a physical activity and nutrition education intervention on obesity prevalence in schoolchildren [Effect of a physical activity and nutrition education intervention on obesity prevalence in schoolchildren from Caaguazu Department, Paraguay: a clustered randomized controlled trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04905966 (first received 25 May 2021).
NCT04915092 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04915092. Evaluation of the efficacy of an app for parents to promote healthy life-styles in children: the CoSIE Trial [Co-creation of service innovation - evaluation of the efficacy of an app for parents to prevent childhood obesity and promote healthy life-styles: CoSIE randomized controlled trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04915092 (first received 16 November 2021).
NCT04971044 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04971044. Competency Based Approaches for Community Health 2 COACH [COACH: Competency Based Approaches for Community Health 2]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04971044 (first received 26 October 2021).
NCT05112185 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT05112185. Childcare healthy beverage access, food and beverage intake, and obesity [Healthy drinks, healthy futures: the impact of a childcare-based healthy beverages intervention on young children's food and beverage intake and obesity]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05112185 (first received 27 October 2021).
NCT05334420 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05334420. Efficacy trial Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids for Hispanic fathers and children HDHK [Efficacy trial of a program for weight loss for Hispanic fathers and increased physical activity for their children: Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05334420 (first received 4 April 2022).
NCT05350267 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05350267. Changing health and lifestyle behaviors of offspring following maternal bariatric surgery HALO-2 [Changing health and lifestyle behaviors of offspring following maternal bariatric surgery]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05350267 (first received 22 April 2022).
NCT05395364 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05395364. A Health promotion intervention for vulnerable school BeE-school [A health promotion intervention for vulnerable school - children and families: a cluster-randomized trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05395364 (first received 16 May 2022).
NCT05424107 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05424107. A Mediterranean intervention on prediabetic children INTKIDMEDPRED [Nutritional status of South Spanish children: a Mediterranean diet nutritional intervention of children with insulin resistance from a rural area]. (first received 9 June 2022).
NCT05461703 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05461703. Efficacy of a school-based obesity prevention program in Mexican schoolchildren: cluster randomized controlled trial [Efficacy of a school-based obesity prevention program delivery by nutrition and physical activity advanced students or school teachers on the BMI Z-score and body fat at 6 months of Mexican children: a cluster randomized controlled trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05461703 (first received 13 July 2022).
NCT05482165 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05482165. Optimizing intervention effects in children and adolescents [Optimizing intervention effects in children and adolescents in Ningbo City]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05482165 (first received 28 July 2022).
Porter 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT02672748. Growing Resilience in Wind River Indian Reservation GR [Growing Resilience: an RCT on the health impact of gardens with Wind River Indian Reservation]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02672748 (first received 9 November 2015).
    1. Naschold F, Porter CM. BMI status and trends among Native American family members participating in the Growing Resilience home garden study [BMI status and trends among Native American family members participating in the Growing Resilience home garden study]. Current Developments in Nutrition 2022;6(7):nzac100. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac100] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Porter CM, Wechsler AM, Naschold F, Hime SJ, Fox L. Assessing health impacts of home food gardens with Wind River Indian Reservation families: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019;9(4):e022731. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022731] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ramírez‐Rivera 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ramírez-Rivera DL, Martínez-Contreras R, Ruelas AL, Henry-Mejía G, Quizán-Plata T, Esparza-Romero J, et al. Effect of an online lifestyle intervention on the BMI z-score of Mexican school children: a protocol for an outcome assessor-blinded pilot randomized controlled trial during the COVID-19 pandemic. Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética 2021;25(Suppl 2):e1320. [DOI: 10.14306/renhyd.25.S2.1320] - DOI
Rashid 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT04711525. i-MaCHeL study is a two-group, cluster-RCT, involves 460 preschool's child-parent dyads, to prevent childhood obesity [Interactive Malaysian Childhood Healthy Lifestyle Program (i-MaCHeL) intervention for preschool's child-parent dyads to prevent childhood obesity: a cluster-randomized controlled trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04711525 (first received 2 January 2021).
    1. Rashid AF, Wafa SW, Abd Talib R, Abu Bakar NM. An interactive Malaysian Childhood Healthy Lifestyle (i-MaCHeL) intervention programme to change weight-related behaviour in preschool child-parent dyads: Study protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial. PLOS One 2022;17(10):e0276843. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276843] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
RBR‐9crqgt {published data only}
    1. RBR-9crqgt. Differences between two types of nutritional education programs [Internet - based nutrition education versus conventional nutrition education: a randomized clinical trial]. http://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-9crqgt (first received 10 October 2019).
Sánchez‐Gómez 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sánchez-Gómez LM, Fernández-Luque MJ, Ruiz-Díaz L, Sánchez-Alcalde R, Sierra-García B, Mayayo-Vicente S, et al. A cluster-randomised clinical trial comparing two cardiovascular health education strategies in a child population: the Savinghearts project. BMC Public Health 2012;12(1):1024. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1024] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sanchez‐Lopez 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03236363. Effectiveness of MOVI interventions on adiposity, cognition and motor competence: mOVI-da10! [Effectiveness of MOVI interventions on improving adiposity, cognition and motor competence by increasing aerobic cardiorespiratory fitness: MOVI-da10!]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03236363 (first received 21 July 2017).
    1. Sanchez-Lopez M, Ruiz-Hermosa A, Redondo-Tebar A, Visier-Alfonso ME, Jimenez-Lopez E, Martinez-Andres M, et al. Rationale and methods of the MOVI-da10! Study -a cluster-randomized controlled trial of the impact of classroom-based physical activity programs on children's adiposity, cognition and motor competence. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):417. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6742-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Swindle 2022 {published data only}
    1. Swindle T, Rutledge JM, Selig JP, Painter J, Zhang D, Martin J, et al. Obesity prevention practices in early care and education settings: an adaptive implementation trial. Implementation Science 2022;17(1):25. [DOI: 10.1186/s13012-021-01185-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Szeszulski 2020 {published data only}
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Takehara 2019 {published data only}
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