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Meta-Analysis
. 2024 May 20;5(5):CD015330.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015330.pub2.

Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 12 to 18 years old

Francesca Spiga  1 , Eve Tomlinson  1 , Annabel L Davies  1 , Theresa Hm Moore  1   2 , Sarah Dawson  1   2 , Katie Breheny  1 , Jelena Savović  1   2 , Rebecca K Hodder  3   4 , Luke Wolfenden  3   4 , Julian Pt Higgins  1   2 , Carolyn D Summerbell  5   6
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 12 to 18 years old

Francesca Spiga et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Prevention of obesity in adolescents is an international public health priority. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is over 25% in North and South America, Australia, most of Europe, and the Gulf region. Interventions that aim to prevent obesity involve strategies that promote healthy diets or 'activity' levels (physical activity, sedentary behaviour and/or sleep) or both, and work by reducing energy intake and/or increasing energy expenditure, respectively. There is uncertainty over which approaches are more effective, and numerous new studies have been published over the last five years since the previous version of this Cochrane Review.

Objectives: To assess the effects of interventions that aim to prevent obesity in adolescents by modifying dietary intake or 'activity' levels, or a combination of both, on changes in BMI, zBMI score and serious adverse events.

Search methods: We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was February 2023.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials in adolescents (mean age 12 years and above but less than 19 years), comparing diet or 'activity' interventions (or both) to prevent obesity with no intervention, usual care, or with another eligible intervention, in any setting. Studies had to measure outcomes at a minimum of 12 weeks post baseline. We excluded interventions designed primarily to improve sporting performance.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our outcomes were BMI, zBMI score and serious adverse events, assessed at short- (12 weeks to < 9 months from baseline), medium- (9 months to < 15 months) and long-term (≥ 15 months) follow-up. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome.

Main results: This review includes 74 studies (83,407 participants); 54 studies (46,358 participants) were included in meta-analyses. Sixty studies were based in high-income countries. The main setting for intervention delivery was schools (57 studies), followed by home (nine studies), the community (five studies) and a primary care setting (three studies). Fifty-one interventions were implemented for less than nine months; the shortest was conducted over one visit and the longest over 28 months. Sixty-two studies declared non-industry funding; five were funded in part by industry. Dietary interventions versus control The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of dietary interventions on body mass index (BMI) at short-term follow-up (mean difference (MD) -0.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.41 to 0.06; 3 studies, 605 participants), medium-term follow-up (MD -0.65, 95% CI -1.18 to -0.11; 3 studies, 900 participants), and standardised BMI (zBMI) at long-term follow-up (MD -0.14, 95% CI -0.38 to 0.10; 2 studies, 1089 participants); all very low-certainty evidence. Compared with control, dietary interventions may have little to no effect on BMI at long-term follow-up (MD -0.30, 95% CI -1.67 to 1.07; 1 study, 44 participants); zBMI at short-term (MD -0.06, 95% CI -0.12 to 0.01; 5 studies, 3154 participants); and zBMI at medium-term (MD 0.02, 95% CI -0.17 to 0.21; 1 study, 112 participants) follow-up; all low-certainty evidence. Dietary interventions may have little to no effect on serious adverse events (two studies, 377 participants; low-certainty evidence). Activity interventions versus control Compared with control, activity interventions do not reduce BMI at short-term follow-up (MD -0.64, 95% CI -1.86 to 0.58; 6 studies, 1780 participants; low-certainty evidence) and probably do not reduce zBMI at medium- (MD 0, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.05; 6 studies, 5335 participants) or long-term (MD -0.05, 95% CI -0.12 to 0.02; 1 study, 985 participants) follow-up; both moderate-certainty evidence. Activity interventions do not reduce zBMI at short-term follow-up (MD 0.02, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.05; 7 studies, 4718 participants; high-certainty evidence), but may reduce BMI slightly at medium-term (MD -0.32, 95% CI -0.53 to -0.11; 3 studies, 2143 participants) and long-term (MD -0.28, 95% CI -0.51 to -0.05; 1 study, 985 participants) follow-up; both low-certainty evidence. Seven studies (5428 participants; low-certainty evidence) reported data on serious adverse events: two reported injuries relating to the exercise component of the intervention and five reported no effect of intervention on reported serious adverse events. Dietary and activity interventions versus control Dietary and activity interventions, compared with control, do not reduce BMI at short-term follow-up (MD 0.03, 95% CI -0.07 to 0.13; 11 studies, 3429 participants; high-certainty evidence), and probably do not reduce BMI at medium-term (MD 0.01, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.11; 8 studies, 5612 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) or long-term (MD 0.06, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.16; 6 studies, 8736 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) follow-up. They may have little to no effect on zBMI in the short term, but the evidence is very uncertain (MD -0.09, 95% CI -0.2 to 0.02; 3 studies, 515 participants; very low-certainty evidence), and they may not reduce zBMI at medium-term (MD -0.05, 95% CI -0.1 to 0.01; 6 studies, 3511 participants; low-certainty evidence) or long-term (MD -0.02, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.01; 7 studies, 8430 participants; low-certainty evidence) follow-up. Four studies (2394 participants) reported data on serious adverse events (very low-certainty evidence): one reported an increase in weight concern in a few adolescents and three reported no effect.

Authors' conclusions: The evidence demonstrates that dietary interventions may have little to no effect on obesity in adolescents. There is low-certainty evidence that activity interventions may have a small beneficial effect on BMI at medium- and long-term follow-up. Diet plus activity interventions may result in little to no difference. Importantly, this updated review also suggests that interventions to prevent obesity in this age group may result in little to no difference in serious adverse effects. Limitations of the evidence include inconsistent results across studies, lack of methodological rigour in some studies and small sample sizes. Further research is justified to investigate the effects of diet and activity interventions to prevent childhood obesity in community settings, and in young people with disabilities, since very few ongoing studies are likely to address these. Further randomised trials to address the remaining uncertainty about the effects of diet, activity interventions, or both, to prevent childhood obesity in schools (ideally with zBMI as the measured outcome) would need to have larger samples.

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Conflict of interest statement

  1. Francesca Spiga: declares that she has no conflicts of interest.

  2. Eve Tomlinson: declares that she has no conflicts of interest.

  3. Annabel Davies: declares that she has no conflicts of interest.

  4. Theresa HM Moore: reports being employed by Cochrane as a Methodology Editor (September 2019 to December 2021). She was not involved in the editorial process for this review.

  5. Katie Breheny: is an author of a study eligible for inclusion in the work (DOI 10.1038/s41366-019-0511-0). The study was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) and Birmingham City Council; the funder had no role in the design, conduct or publication of the study. KB was not involved in assessing the eligibility of this study; this task was performed by two independent review authors (FS, ET).

  6. Sarah Dawson: reports being employed by Cochrane Common Mental Disorders as Information Specialist. She was not involved in the editorial process for this review.

  7. Jelena Savovic: reports payment from Core Models Ltd in 2021, to deliver online teaching of introductory systematic review methods; personal payment. JS also reports being a co‐author in an advisory capacity on a systematic review conducted by Paul Hartmann; unpaid position.

  8. Rebecca K Hodder: reports working as a Program Manager, Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, responsible for the delivery of chronic‐disease prevention programmes in secondary schools. RH is a research associate with Cochrane Public Health, contributing to research to improve the conduct of systematic reviews. She had no role in the editorial process for the review.

  9. Luke Wolfenden: reports research grants to undertake trials likely to be included in the review; paid to University of Newcastle, but LW benefitted financially from these payments and/or had access to or control of the funds. LW reports involvement in conducting two studies included in the work: Ooi 2021, funded by the New South Wales Health Translational Research Grant Scheme and Hollis 2016, funded by the NSW Ministry of Health, Heath Promotion Demonstration grant scheme), with in kind support from the Hunter New England Local Health District. The project also received infrastructure support from the Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI). All organisations listed provided direct research or infrastructure support. LW was not involved in decisions regarding study selection, data extraction, assessment of risk of bias or grading of the certainty of the evidence for these two studies. These tasks were performed by two independent review authors (FS, ET). LW reports working as a health promotion programme manager at Hunter New England Local Health District, a government‐funded health service. LW is the Co‐ordinating Editor of Cochrane Public Health; however, he was not involved in the editorial process for this review.

  10. Julian PT Higgins: reports a grant from the National Institute for Health Research for this review and other activities (Public Health Research, NIHR131572); paid to the University of Bristol.

  11. Carolyn D Summerbell: reports being affiliated with the WHO, and contributing to their work for their 'Ending Childhood Obesity' report.

Figures

1
1
* Source from included studies, ongoing studies and studies awaiting classification
2
2
Distribution of studies by location, type of intervention and setting aTotal n = 74 RCTs and n = 77 active intervention arms. Two RCTs included treatment arms for more than one intervention type (Jago 2006; Zhou 2019) and one had sites on more than continent (Lana 2014). b34 RCTs were conducted in North America; one RCT had centres in both Europe and North America (Lana 2014). c19 RCTs were conducted in Europe; one RCT had centres in both Europe and North America (Lana 2014); one RCT included treatment arms for more than one intervention type (Jago 2006). dThree RCTs were conducted in Asia; one RCT included treatment arms for more than one intervention type (Zhou 2019). Abbreviations
n: number
RCTs: randomised controlled trials
3
3
Summary of meta‐analysis results for BMI Certainty of the evidence (GRADE): ++++ = high; +++‐ = moderate; ++‐‐ = low; +‐‐‐ = very low GRADE domains: A = risk of bias; B = imprecision; C = inconsistency; D = indirectness; E = publication bias *Downgraded two levels **Note that the certainty of the evidence in this result was also lowered due to indirectness. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
4
4
Summary of meta‐analysis results for zBMI Certainty of the evidence (GRADE): ++++ = high; +++‐ = moderate; ++‐‐ = low; +‐‐‐ = very low GRADE domains: A = risk of bias; B = imprecision; C = inconsistency; D = indirectness; E = publication bias *Downgraded two levels **Note that the certainty of evidence in this result was also lowered due to inconsistency, indirectness and publication bias. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
5
5
Summary of meta‐analysis results for BMI percentile Certainty of the evidence (GRADE): ++++ = high; +++‐ = moderate; ++‐‐ = low; +‐‐‐ = very low GRADE domains: A = risk of bias; B = imprecision; C = inconsistency; D = indirectness; E = publication bias *Downgraded two levels Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus.
6
6
Funnel plot to investigate small‐study effects in the meta‐analysis of dietary and activity intervention vs control for BMI short term Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
vs: versus
7
7
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary intervention vs control on BMI subgrouped by setting Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
8
8
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs control on BMI subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
9
9
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs control on BMI subgrouped by setting Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
10
10
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs dietary interventions on BMI subgrouped by setting Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
11
11
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by setting. Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index.
12
12
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by setting Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index.
13
13
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by setting Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index.
14
14
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by setting Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
15
15
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by setting Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
16
16
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by setting Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
17
17
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs dietary interventions on BMI percentile subgrouped by setting Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
vs: versus
18
18
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary intervention vs control on BMI subgrouped by income status of country and socioeconomic status (SES) Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
19
19
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity intervention vs control on BMI subgrouped by income status of country and socioeconomic status Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
20
20
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity intervention vs control on BMI subgrouped by income status of country and socioeconomic status Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
21
21
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary intervention vs activity interventions on BMI subgrouped by income status of country and socioeconomic status Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
22
22
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary intervention vs control on zBMI subgrouped by income status of country and socioeconomic status Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
23
23
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by income status of country and socioeconomic status Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
24
24
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs control on zBMI subgrouped by income status of country and socioeconomic status Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
zBMI: standardised body mass index
25
25
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by income status of country and socioeconomic status Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
26
26
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by income status of country and socioeconomic status Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
27
27
Summary of meta‐analysis results for dietary and activity interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by income status of country and socioeconomic status Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
28
28
Summary of meta‐analysis results for activity vs dietary interventions vs control on BMI percentile subgrouped by income status of country and socioeconomic status Abbreviations
CI: confidence interval
I2: percentage of variation in effect estimates across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance
No.: number
n/a: not applicable
SES: socioeconomic status
vs: versus
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 1: BMI short term
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 2: BMI medium term
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 3: BMI long term
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 4: zBMI short term
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 5: zBMI medium term
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 6: zBMI long term
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 7: Percentile short term
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 8: Percentile medium term
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Dietary vs control (all studies), Outcome 9: Percentile long term
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 1: BMI short term
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 2: BMI medium term
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 3: BMI long term
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 4: zBMI short term
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 5: zBMI medium term
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 6: zBMI long term
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 7: Percentile medium term
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 1: BMI short term
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 2: BMI medium term
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 3: BMI long term
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 4: zBMI short term
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 5: zBMI medium term
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 6: zBMI long term
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 7: Percentile short term
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dietary and activity vs control (all studies), Outcome 8: Percentile long term
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Activity vs dietary (all studies), Outcome 1: BMI short term
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Activity vs dietary (all studies), Outcome 2: Percentile short term
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References

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Bernstein 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bernstein R, Sanchez N, Clark ELM, Conte I, Gulley LD, Legget KT, et al. Mindfulness-based intervention in adolescents at risk for excess weight gain: 1.5-year follow-up of pilot randomized controlled trial. Eating Behaviors 2021;43:101580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101580] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bernstein RM. Expand, Connect, Thrive: increasing positive health behaviors in at-risk adolescents [thesis]. Ann Arbor: University of Miami, 2019. [ISBN: 9781085689960]
Black 2010 {published data only}
    1. Black MM, Hager E, Le K, Anliker J, Arteaga SS, Diclemente C, et al. Challenge! Health promotion/obesity prevention mentorship model among urban, black adolescents. Pediatrics 2010;126(2):280-8. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-1832] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00746083. Challenge!, a aealth promotion/obesity prevention program for teens [Randomized controlled trial for health promotion/obesity prevention targeting low-income, urban, African-American adolescents]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00746083 (first received 2 September 2008).
    1. NCT03103269. Challenge! Adolescent obesity prevention [Challenge! in Baltimore City middle schools]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03103269 (first received 2 April 2010).
Bogart 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bogart LM, Cowgill BO, Elliott MN, Klein DJ, Hawes-Dawson J, Uyeda K, et al. A randomized controlled trial of students for nutrition and eXercise: a community-based participatory research study. Journal of Adolescent Health 2014;55(3):415-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.03.003] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bogart LM, Elliott MN, Cowgill BO, Klein DJ, Hawes-Dawson J, Uyeda K, et al. Two-year BMI outcomes from a school-based intervention for nutrition and exercise: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2016;137(5):415-22. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-2493] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ladapo JA, Bogart LM, Klein DJ, Cowgill BO, Uyeda K, Binkle DG, et al. Cost and cost-effectiveness of students for nutrition and eXercise (SNaX). Academic Pediatrics 2016;16(3):247-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2015.07.009] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01914471. A randomicontrolled trial of students for nutrition and eXercise SNaX [A community-academic partnership to address disparities in obesity among youth]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01914471 (first received 29 July 2012).
Bonsergent 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bonsergent E, Agrinier N, Thilly N, Tessier S, Legrand K, Lecomte E, et al. Overweight and obesity prevention for adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial in a school setting. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013;44(1):30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.055] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bonsergent E, Benie-Bi J, Baumann C, Agrinier N, Tessier S, Thilly N, et al. Effect of gender on the association between weight status and health-related quality of life in adolescents. BMC Public Health 2012;12:997. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-997] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bonsergent E, Thilly N, Legrand K, Agrinier N, Tessier S, Lecomte E, et al. Process evaluation of a school-based overweight and obesity screening strategy in adolescents. Global Health Promotion 2013;20:76-82. [DOI: 10.1177/1757975913483330] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bonsergent É. Effectiveness of three overweight and obesity prevention strategies in adolescence. A cluster randomised trial [thesis]. HAL-UL University of Lorraine, 2012.
    1. Briancon S, Bonsergent E, Agrinier N, Tessier S, Legrand K, Lecomte E, et al. PRALIMAP: study protocol for a high school-based, factorial cluster randomised interventional trial of three overweight and obesity prevention strategies. Trials 2010;11:119. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-11-119] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Brito Beck da Silva 2019 {published data only}
    1. Brito Beck da Silva K, Ortelan N, Giardini Murta S, Sartori I, Couto RD, Leovigildo Fiaccone R, et al. Evaluation of the computer-based intervention program Stayingfit Brazil to promote healthy eating habits: the results from a school cluster-randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health 2019;16(10):14. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101674] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. RBR-7qgnbn. Effects of actions to promote healthy eating and physical activity using internet technology on the health of adolescents [Effects of promotional activities of healthy eating habits and physical activity in adolescents, use of E-Health technology, enrolled in schools based public schools in the city of Salvador-BA]. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-7qgnbn (first received 17 October 2016).
Chen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Chen JL, Weiss S, Heyman MB, Cooper B, Lustig RH. The efficacy of the web-based childhood obesity prevention program in Chinese American adolescents (Web ABC study). Journal of Adolescent Health 2011;49(2):148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.11.243] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cohen 2021 {published data only}
    1. Cohen DD, Sandercock GR, Camacho PA, Otero-Wandurraga J, Romero SMP, Marin RDPM, et al. The SIMAC study: A randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of resistance training and aerobic training on the fitness and body composition of Colombian adolescents. PLoS One 2021;16(4):e0248110. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248110] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03779737. Resistance and aerobic training, relationship with birth weight in Colombian children [Muscular strength and aerobic capacity, a symbiotic relationship with birth weight and metabolic risk of colombian scholchildren: study SIMAC]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03779737 (first received 28 September 2017).
Dewar 2013 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12610000330044. Nutrition and Enjoyable Activity for Teenage Girls [Group randomised controlled trial to assess the effect of a school-based intervention promoting physical activity and healthy eating on body mass index and body composition in low-active adolescent girls from disadvantaged secondary schools]. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12610000330044.aspx (first received 23 April 2010).
    1. Dewar DL, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Okely AD, Batterham M, Lubans DR. Exploring changes in physical activity, sedentary behaviors and hypothesized mediators in the NEAT girls group randomized controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2014;17(1):39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.02.003] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dewar DL, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Okely AD, Collins CE, Batterham M, et al. The nutrition and enjoyable activity for teen girls study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013;45(3):313-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.04.014] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dewar DL. Nutrition and Enjoyable Activity for Teen Girls (NEAT Girls) group randomised controlled trial : evaluation of a school-based obesity prevention program for adolescent girls from low-income communities [thesis]. University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2014.
    1. Lubans D, Morgan P, Okely A, Dewar D, Collins C, Batterham M, at al. Preventing obesity among adolescent girls: outcomes of the nutrition and enjoyable activity for teen girls cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2012;15:S332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.806] - DOI - PubMed
Dunker 2018 {published data only}
    1. Dunker KLL, Alvarenga MDS, Teixeira PC, Grigolon RB. Effects of participation level and physical activity on eating behavior and disordered eating symptoms in the Brazilian version of the New Moves intervention: data from a cluster randomized controlled trial. Sao Paulo Medical Journal 2021;139(3):269-78. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2020.0420.R2.04022021] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dunker KLL, Claudino AM. Preventing weight-related problems among adolescent girls: a cluster randomized trial comparing the Brazilian 'New Moves' program versus observation. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 2018;12(1):102-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2017.07.004] - DOI - PubMed
    1. RBR-6ddpb3. Prevention program of obesity and eating disorders developed with adolescents from public schools of São Paulo [Integrated prevention program of obesity and eating disorders: a pilot study, randomized trial comparing the effects of the "New Moves" applied in public schools of São Paulo]. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-6ddpb3 (first received 29 January 2016).
Ebbeling 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Osganion SK, Chomitz VR, Ellenbogen SJ, Ludwig DS. Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Pediatrics 2006;117:673-80. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-0983] - DOI - PubMed
El Ansari 2010 {published data only}
    1. El Ansari W, El Ashker S, Moseley L. Associations between physical activity and health parameters in adolescent pupils in Egypt. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health 2010;7(4):1649-69. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7041649] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ezendam 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ezendam NP, Brug J, Oenema A. Evaluation of the Web-based computer-tailored FATaintPHAT intervention to promote energy balance among adolescents: results from a school cluster randomized trial. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 2012;166(3):248-55. [DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.204] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ezendam NP, Oenema A, de Looij-Jansen PM, Brug J. Design and evaluation protocol of "FATaintPHAT", a computer-tailored intervention to prevent excessive weight gain in adolescents. BMC Public Health 2007;7(1):324. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-324] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ezendam NPM, Noordegraaf VSA, Kroeze W, Brug J, Oenema A. Process evaluation of FATaintPHAT, a computer-tailored intervention to prevent excessive weight gain among Dutch adolescents. Health Promotion International 2013;28(1):26-35. [DOI: 10.1093/heapro/das021] - DOI - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN15743786. VETisnietVET / FATaintPHAT [VETisnietVET.nl: the impact of a web-based interactive computer tailored intervention on weight gain related behaviours in youth]. trialregister.nl/trial/798 (first received 17 November 2006).
    1. NTR811. VETisnietVET/FATaintPHAT [‘VETisnietVET.nl’: the impact of a web-based interactive computer tailored intervention on weight gain related behaviours in youth’]. trialregister.nl/trial/798 (first received 17 November 2006).
Farias 2015 {published data only}
    1. Farias ES, Gonçalves EM, Morcillo AM, Guerra-Júnior G, Amancio OM. Effects of programmed physical activity on body composition in post-pubertal schoolchildren. Jornal de pediatria 2015;91(2):122-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2014.06.004] - DOI - PubMed
French 2011 {published data only}
    1. French SA, Gerlach AF, Mitchell NR, Hannan PJ, Welsh EM. Household obesity prevention: Take Action-a group-randomized trial. Obesity 2011;19(10):2082-88. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.328] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. French SA, Mitchell NR, Hannan PJ. Decrease in television viewing predicts lower body mass index at 1-year follow-up in adolescents, but not adults. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2012;44(5):415-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2011.12.008] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gustafson 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gustafson A, Jilcott Pitts SB, McQuerry K, Babtunde O, Mullins J. A mentor-led text-messaging intervention increases intake of fruits and vegetables and goal setting for healthier dietary consumption among rural adolescents in Kentucky and North Carolina, 2017. Nutrients 2019;11(3):11. [DOI: 10.3390/nu11030593] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02793024. Shopping Smart - adolescent intervention to improve shopping practices where you live and learn [Shopping Smart - adolescent intervention to improve shopping practices where you live and learn]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02793024 (first received 27 May 2016).
Haerens 2006 {published data only}
    1. Haerens L, Cerin E, Deforche B, Maes L, De Bourdeaudhuij I. Explaining the effects of a 1-year intervention promoting a low fat diet in adolescent girls: a mediation analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2007;4(1):55. [DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-4-55] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Haerens L, Cerin E, Maes L, Cardon G, Deforche B, De Bourdeaudhuij I. Explaining the effect of a 1-year intervention promoting physical activity in middle schools: a mediation analysis. Public Health Nutrition 2008;11(5):501-12. [DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-4-55] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Haerens L, Deforche B, Maes L, Cardon G, Stevens V, De Bourdeaudhuij I. Evaluation of a 2-year physical activity and healthy eating intervention in middle school children. Health Education Research 2006;21(6):911-21. [DOI: 10.1093/her/cyl115] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Haerens L, Deforche B, Maes L, Stevens V, Cardon G, De Bourdeaudhuij I. Body mass effects of a physical activity and healthy food intervention in middle schools. Obesity 2006;14(5):847-54. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.98] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Van Lippevelde W, Stralen M, Verloigne M, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Deforche B, Brug J, et al. Mediating effects of home-related factors on fat intake from snacks in a school-based nutrition intervention among adolescents. Health Education Research 2012;27(1):36-45. [DOI: 10.1093/her/cyr110] - DOI - PubMed
Haire‐Joshu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Haire-Joshu DL, Schwarz CD, Peskoe SB, Budd EL, Brownson RC, Joshu CE. A group randomized controlled trial integrating obesity prevention and control for postpartum adolescents in a home visiting program. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2015;12(1):88. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-015-0247-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01617486. Achieving energy balance in post partum teens BALANCE [Achieving energy balance in post partum teens]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01617486 (first received 2 April 2012).
Harrington 2018 {published data only}
    1. Edwardson CL, Harrington DM, Yates T, Bodicoat DH, Khunti K, Gorely T, et al. A cluster randomised controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of the 'Girls Active' intervention: a study protocol. BMC Public Health 2015;15:526. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1886-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Harrington DM, Davies MJ, Bodicoat D, Charles JM, Chudasama YV, Gorely T, et al. A school-based intervention (‘Girls Active’) to increase physical activity levels among 11- to 14-year-old girls: cluster RCT. Public Health Research 2019;7(5):1. [DOI: 10.3310/phr07050] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Harrington DM, Davies MJ, Bodicoat DH, Charles JM, Chudasama YV, Gorely T, et al. Effectiveness of the 'Girls Active' school-based physical activity programme: a cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2018;15(1):40. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-018-0664-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN10688342. Investigation of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the 'Girls Active' intervention [A cluster randomised controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the 'Girls Active' intervention]. isrctn.com/ISRCTN10688342 (first received 12 January 2015).
Hollis 2016 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612000382875. Physical Activity 4 Every1: preventing the decline in moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) physical activity among students attending secondary schools in low-income communities [Physical Activity 4 Every1 a: a multi-component physical activity intervention aiming to prevent the decline in moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) physical activity among students attending secondary schools in low-income communities]. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612000382875.aspx (first received 3 April 2012).
    1. Hollis JL, Sutherland R, Campbell L, Morgan P, Lubans D, Nathan N, Wolfenden L, Okely T, Davies L, Gilham K, Cohen K, Wiggers J A socio-ecologically framed, school-based physical activity intervention has beneficial effects on obesity outcomes in adolescents from low ses communities: the pa4e1 rct 22nd European Congress on Obesity (ECO2015), Prague, Czech Republic, May 6-9, 2015: Abstract T3:PO123. In: Obesity Facts. Vol. 8 Suppl 1. 2015:1-272. [DOI: 10.1159/000382140] - DOI
    1. Hollis JL, Sutherland R, Campbell L, Morgan PJ, Lubans DR, Nathan N, et al. Effects of a 'school-based' physical activity intervention on adiposity in adolescents from economically disadvantaged communities: secondary outcomes of the 'Physical Activity 4 Everyone' RCT. International Journal of Obesity 2016;40(10):1486-93. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.107] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sutherland R, Campbell E, Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Okely AD, Nathan N, et al. A cluster randomised trial of a school-based intervention to prevent decline in adolescent physical activity levels: study protocol for the 'Physical Activity 4 Everyone' trial. BMC Public Health 2013;13:57. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-57] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sutherland R, Reeves P, Campbell E, Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Nathan N, et al. Cost effectiveness of a multi-component school-based physical activity intervention targeting adolescents: the 'Physical Activity 4 Everyone' cluster randomized trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2016;13(1):94. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0418-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hovell 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hovell MF, Schmitz KE, Liles S, Robusto K, Hofstetter CR, Nichols JF, et al. A randomized controlled trial of orthodontist-based brief advice to prevent child obesity. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2018;70:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.05.003] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT01510483. Clinician promotion of healthy diet and activity to reduce obesity among adolescents: HEALTHY SMILES [Clinician promotion of healthy diet and activity to reduce obesity among adolescents]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01510483 (first received 14 November 2011).
Isensee 2018 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN49482118. The 'läuft.' trial - a school-based multi-component program to establish a physically active lifestyle in adolescence [The 'läuft.' trial - a cluster randomized-controlled study of a school-based multi-component program to establish a physically active lifestyle in adolescence]. isrctn.com/ISRCTN49482118 (first received 4 October 2013). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Isensee B, Suchert V, Hansen J, Weisser B, Hanewinkel R. Effects of a school-based pedometer intervention in adolescents: 1-year follow-up of a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of School Health 2018;88(10):717-24. [DOI: 10.1111/josh.12676] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Suchert V, Isensee B, Hansen J, Johannsen M, Krieger C, Muller K, et al. "lauft."- a school-based multi-component program to establish a physically active lifestyle in adolescence: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013;14:416. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-416] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Suchert V, Isensee B, Sargent J, Weisser B, Hanewinkel R, lauft Study Group. Prospective effects of pedometer use and class competitions on physical activity in youth: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Prev Med 2015;81:399-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.10.002] - DOI - PubMed
Jago 2006 {published data only}
    1. Jago R, Baranowski T, Baranowski JC, Thompson D, Cullen KW, Watson K, et al. Fit for Life Boy Scout Badge: outcome evaluation of a troop and Internet intervention. Preventive Medicine 2006;42(3):181-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.12.010] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Latif H, Watson K, Nguyen N, Thompson D, Baranowski J, Jago R, et al. Effects of goal setting on dietary and physical activity changes in the Boy Scout Badge projects. Health Education and Behavior 2011;38(5):521-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1090198110385774] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Thompson D, Baranowski T, Baranowski J, Cullen K, Jago R, Watson K, et al. Boy Scout 5-a-Day Badge: outcome results of a troop and Internet intervention. Preventive Medicine 2009;49(6):518-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.09.010] - DOI - PubMed
Kennedy 2018 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12615000360516. The ATLAS (Active Teen Leaders Avoiding Screen-time) and NEAT (Nutrition and Enjoyable Activity for Teens) school-based health-related fitness programmes for adolescents [Cluster randomised controlled trial of two school-based gender-targeted programmes aimed at improving muscular fitness and key health behaviours among adolescent boys and girls]. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12615000360516.aspx (first received 21 April 2015).
    1. Kennedy SG, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Peralta LR, Hilland TA, Eather N, et al. Implementing resistance training in secondary schools: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2018;50(1):62-72. [DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001410] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Lubans D, Smith JJ, Peralta LR, Plotnikoff RC, Oakley AD, Salmonm J, et al. A school-based intervention incorporating smartphone technology to improve health-related fitness among adolescents: rationale and study protocol for the NEAT and ATLAS 2.0 cluster randomised controlled trial and dissemination study. BMJ Open 2016;6:6:e010448. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010448] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Smith J, Beauchamp M, Faulkner G, Morgan P, Kennedy S, Lubans D. Moderators and mediators of self-esteem in a school-based physical activity intervention for adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2018;21(Supplement 1):S13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.031] - DOI
    1. Smith JJ, Beauchamp MR, Faulkner G, Morgan PJ, Kennedy SG, Lubans DR. Intervention effects and mediators of well-being in a school-based physical activity program for adolescents: the 'Resistance Training for Teens' cluster RCT. Mental Health and Physical Activity 2018;15:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2018.08.002] - DOI
Kuhlemeier 2022 {published data only}
    1. Jimenez EY, Sanders S, Vallabhan M, Kong AS. One year outcomes from an adolescent obesity prevention and management intervention in school-based health centers. Journal of Adolescent Health 2018;62(2):S120-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.11.245] - DOI
    1. Kuhlemeier A, Jaki T, Jimenez EY, Kong AS, Gill H, Chang C, et al. Individual differences in the effects of the ACTION-PAC intervention: an application of personalized medicine in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2022;45(2):211-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-021-00274-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02502383. ACTION PAC: adolescents committed to improvement of nutrition & physical activity ACTION PAC [ACTION PAC: adolescents committed to improvement of nutrition & physical activity]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02502383 (first received 14 July 2015).
    1. Vallabhan MK, Kong AS, Yakes Jimenez E, Summers LC, DeBlieck CJ, Feldstein E, et al. Training primary care providers in the use of motivational interviewing for youth behavior change. Research & Theory for Nursing Practice 2017;31(3):219-32. [DOI: 10.1891/1541-6577.31.3.219] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kuroko 2020 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12616001664437. Create our own kai: an intensive cooking class for healthy adolescents [Cooking with confidence: providing adolescents with cooking skills for a healthy life. Effects on cooking skills and confidence in the kitchen]. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12616001664437.aspx (first received 2 December 2016).
    1. Kuroko S, Black K, Chryssidis T, Finigan R, Hann C, Haszard J, et al. Create our own kai: a randomised control trial of a cooking intervention with group interview insights into adolescent cooking behaviours. Nutrients 2020;12(3):796. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12030796] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lana 2014 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN27988779. PREVENCANADOL project: impact of a website and some mobile phone SMS on behavioral risk of cancer in school population and its adult environment [PREVENCANADOL project: impact of a website and some mobile phone SMS on behavioral risk of cancer in school population and its adult environment - a randomized controlled trial]. isrctn.com/ISRCTN27988779 (first received 14 March 2013).
    1. Lana A, Faya-Ornia G, Lopez ML. Impact of a web-based intervention supplemented with text messages to improve cancer prevention behaviors among adolescents: results from a randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2014;59:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.11.015] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Lana A, Valle MO, López S, Faya-Ornia G, López ML. Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial to improve cancer prevention behaviors in adolescents and adults using a web-based intervention supplemented with SMS. BMC Public Health 2013;13:357. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-357] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lappe 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lappe JM, McMahon DJ, Laughlin A, Hanson C, Desmangles JC, Begley M, et al. The effect of increasing dairy calcium intake of adolescent girls on changes in body fat and weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2017;105(5):1046-53. [DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.138941] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01066806. Adequate dairy intake on weight change in girls [Efficacy of optimal levels of dietary dairy on modulation of adolescent weight]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01066806 (first received 19 January 2010).
Leme 2018 {published data only}
    1. Leme AC, Lubans DR, Guerra PH, Dewar D, Toassa EC, Philippi ST. Preventing obesity among Brazilian adolescent girls: Six-month outcomes of the Healthy Habits, Healthy Girls-Brazil school-based randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2016;86:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.020] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Leme AC, Philippi ST. The "Healthy Habits, Healthy Girls" randomized controlled trial for girls: study design, protocol, and baseline results. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 2015;31(7):1381-94. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311X00136014] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Leme ACB, Baranowski T, Thompson D, Nicklas T, Philippi ST. Sustained impact of the "Healthy Habits, Healthy Girls - Brazil" school-based randomized controlled trial for adolescents living in low-income communities. Preventive Medicine Reports 2018;10:346-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.04.013] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Leme ACB, Philippi ST, Thompson D, Nicklas T, Baranowski T. "Healthy Habits, Healthy Girls-Brazil": an obesity prevention program with added focus on eating disorders. Eating and Weight Disorders 2019;24(1):107-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0510-5] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT02228447. Healthy Habits, Healthy Girls preventing unhealthy weight gain [Healthy Habits, Healthy Girls: a intervention program for adolescent girls from disadvantaged backgrounds]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02228447 (first received 25 August 2014).
Lubans 2021 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617000544370. Embedding high intensity interval training (HIIT) into the school day: the Burn 2 Learn pilot trial for senior school students [A scalable intervention for increasing vigorous physical activity among older adolescents: the Burn 2 Learn pilot trial.]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372612 (first received 29 March 2017).
    1. ACTRN12618000293268. Embedding high intensity interval training (HIIT) into the school day: the 'Burn 2 Learn' program for senior school students [A scalable intervention for increasing vigorous physical activity among older adolescents: the ‘Burn 2 Learn’ cluster randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12618000293268.aspx (first received 20 February 2018).
    1. Leahy AA, Eather N, Smith JJ, Hillman C, Morgan PJ, Nilsson M, et al. School-based physical activity intervention for older adolescents: rationale and study protocol for the Burn 2 Learn cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019;9(5):e026029. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026029] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lubans DR, Smith JJ, Eather N, Leahy AA, Morgan PJ, Lonsdale C, et al. Time-efficient intervention to improve older adolescents’ cardiorespiratory fitness: findings from the ‘Burn 2 Learn’ cluster randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2021;55(13):751. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103277] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Luszczynska 2016b {published data only}
    1. Luszczynska A, Horodyska K, Zarychta K, Liszewska N, Knoll N, Scholz U. Planning and self-efficacy interventions encouraging replacing energy-dense foods intake with fruit and vegetable: a longitudinal experimental study. Psychology & Health 2016;31(1):40-64. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2015.1070156] - DOI - PubMed
Mauriello 2010 {published data only}
    1. Mauriello LM, Ciavatta MM, Paiva AL, Sherman KJ, Castle PH, Johnson JL, et al. Results of a multi-media multiple behavior obesity prevention program for adolescents. Preventive Medicine 2010;51(6):451-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.004] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mauriello LM, Driskell MM, Sherman KJ, Johnson SS, Prochaska JM, Prochaska JO. Acceptability of a school-based intervention for the prevention of adolescent obesity. Journal of School Nursing 2006;22(5):269-77. [DOI: 10.1177/10598405060220050501] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mauriello LM, Sherman KJ, Driskell MM, Prochaska JM. Using interactive behavior change technology to intervene on physical activity and nutrition with adolescents. Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews 2007;18(2):383-99, xiii. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT01033253. Multi-media obesity prevention program for adolescents [Multi-media obesity prevention program for adolescents]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01033253 (first received 14 December 2009).
Melnyk 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kelly S, Melnyk BM, Hoying J. Adolescents as agents of parental healthy lifestyle behavior change: COPE Healthy Lifestyles TEEN program. Journal of Pediatric Health Care 2020;34(6):575-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.06.012] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Melnyk BM, Jacobson D, Kelly S, Belyea M, Shaibi G, Small L, et al. Promoting healthy lifestyles in high school adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013;45(4):407-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.05.013] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Melnyk BM, Jacobson D, Kelly SA, Belyea MJ, Shaibi GQ, Small L, et al. Twelve-month effects of the COPE Healthy Lifestyles Teen program on overweight and depressive symptoms in high school adolescents. Journal of School Health 2015;85(12):861-70. [DOI: 10.1111/josh.12342] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01704768. COPE/Healthy Lifestyles for Teens: a school-based RCT [COPE/Healthy Lifestyles for Teens: a school-based RCT]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01704768 (first received 12 September 2012).
Mihas 2010 {published data only}
    1. Mihas C, Mariolis A, Manios Y, Naska A, Arapaki A, Mariolis-Sapsakos T, et al. Evaluation of a nutrition intervention in adolescents of an urban area in Greece: short- and long-term effects of the VYRONAS study. Public Health Nutrition 2010;13(5):712-19. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980009991625] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mihas C. Nutrition of adolescents: implementation and evaluation of a health education intervention program in an urban environment [thesis]. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2011.
Nanney 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT02004977. Improving high school breakfast environments breakFAST! [Improving high school breakfast environments]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02004977 (first received 12 November 2013).
    1. Nanney MS, Leduc R, Hearst M, Shanafelt A, Wang Q, Schroeder M, et al. A group randomized intervention trial increases participation in the school breakfast program in 16 rural high schools in Minnesota. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2019;119(6):915-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.12.007] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nanney MS, Shanafelt A, Wang Q, Leduc R, Dodds E, Hearst M, et al. Project BreakFAST: rationale, design, and recruitment and enrollment methods of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate an intervention to improve school breakfast program participation in rural high schools. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2016;3:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2015.12.009] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Shanafelt A, Magliocco B, Milbrath K, Nanney MS, Caspi C. An economic analysis of updating and expanding school breakfast program offerings in high schools. Journal of School Health 2019;89(5):417-22. [DOI: 10.1111/josh.12749] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. The Project Breakfast team. Project Breakfast: the final report. Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, University of Minnesota; drive.google.com/file/d/1i9QoQmHV2zEIMWFmboxDeT-0vIreaizV/view.
NCT02067728 {published data only}
    1. Ihmels MA, Welk GJ, Eisenmann JC, Nusser SM, Myers EF. Prediction of BMI change in young children with the family nutrition and physical activity (FNPA) screening tool. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2009;38(1):60-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12160-009-9126-3] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT02067728. Family Nutrition Physical Activity tool use during well child visits (FNPA) [Family Nutrition, Physical Activity (FNPA) tool: a motivational interviewing-based practice intervention to address pediatric health behaviors]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02067728 (first received 20 February 2014).
Neumark‐Sztainer 2003 {published data only}
    1. Friend S, Flattum CF, Simpson D, Nederhoff DM, Neumark-Sztainer D. The researchers have left the building: what contributes to sustaining school-based interventions following the conclusion of formal research support? Journal of School Health 2014;84(5):326-33. [DOI: 10.1111/josh.12149] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Hannan PJ, Rex J. New Moves: a school-based obesity prevention program for adolescent girls. Preventive Medicine 2003;37(1):41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-7435(03)00057-4] - DOI - PubMed
Neumark‐Sztainer 2010 {published data only}
    1. NCT00250497. New Moves - obesity prevention among adolescent girls [New Moves - obesity prevention among adolescent girls]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00250497 (first received 7 November 2005).
    1. Neumark-Sztainer DR, Friend SE, Flattum CF, Hannan PJ, Story MT, Bauer KW, et al. New Moves - preventing weight-related problems in adolescent girls a group-randomized study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2010;39(5):421-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.07.017.] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
O'Connell 2005 {published data only}
    1. O'Connell KM. Impact of the HEROS (Healthy Eating to Reduce Obesity through Schools) study on healthy food choices and obesity among middle school students in Guilford County (North Carolina) schools [thesis]. Vol. 3185995. Ann Arbor: The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2005.
Ooi 2021 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617001213336. A cluster randomised controlled trial of a sugar-sweetened beverage intervention in secondary schools. [A cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a secondary school intervention in reducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption.]. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12617001213336.aspx (first received 18 August 2017).
    1. Ooi JY, Sutherland R, Nathan N, Yoong SL, Janssen L, Wrigley J, et al. A cluster randomised controlled trial of a sugar-sweetened beverage intervention in secondary schools: pilot study protocol. Nutrition & Health 2018;4:260106018791856. [DOI: 10.1177/0260106018791856] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ooi JY, Wolfenden L, Yoong SL, Janssen LM, Reilly K, Nathan N, et al. A trial of a six-month sugar-sweetened beverage intervention in secondary schools from a socio-economically disadvantaged region in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2021;45(6):599-607. [DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13159] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sutherland R, Ying Ooi J, Finch M, Yoong SL, Nathan N, Wrigley J, et al. A cluster randomised controlled trial of a secondary school intervention to reduce intake of sugar-sweetened beverages: mid-intervention impact of switchURsip environmental strategies. Health Promotion Journal of Australia 2022;33(1):176-86. [DOI: 10.1002/hpja.469] - DOI - PubMed
Papadaki 2010 {published data only}
    1. Damsgaard CT, Papadaki A, Jensen SM, Ritz C, Dalskov SM, Hlavaty P, et al. Higher protein diets consumed ad libitum improve cardiovascular risk markers in children of overweight parents from eight European countries. Journal of Nutrition 2013;143(6):810-7. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.173427] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Larsen TM, Dalskov S, Baak M, Jebb S, Kafatos A, Pfeiffer A, et al. The Diet, Obesity and Genes (Diogenes) dietary study in eight European countries - a comprehensive design for long-term intervention. Obesity Reviews 2010;11(1):76-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00603.x] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT00390637. Diet, Obesity and Genes (DiOGenes) [Diet, Obesity and Genes]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00390637 (first received 18 October 2006).
    1. Pang MD, Yilmaz H, Astrup A, Blaak EE, Baak MA. The association of changes in body mass index and metabolic parameters between adults with overweight or obesity and their children in a family-based randomized trial (DiOGenes). Pediatric Obesity 2022;17(5):e12884. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Papadaki A, Linardakis M, Larsen T. The effect of protein and glycemic index on children's body composition: the DiOGenes randomized study. Pediatrics 2010;126(5):e1143-52. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3633] - DOI - PubMed
Pate 2005 {published data only}
    1. Pate RR, Ward DS, Saunders RP, Felton G, Dishman RK, Dowda M. Promotion of physical activity among high-school girls: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health 2005;95(9):1582-87. [DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.045807] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Patrick 2006 {published data only}
    1. NCT01657422. PACE+: counseling adolescents for exercise and nutrition PACEAdol [PACE+: counseling adolescents for exercise and nutrition]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01657422 (first received 27 July 2012).
    1. Patrick K, Calfas KJ, Norman GJ, Zabinski MF, Sallis JF, Rupp J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a primary care and home-based intervention for physical activity and nutrition behaviors. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2006;160:128-36. [DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.045807] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Prochaska JJ. The PACE+ school study: evaluation of the efficacy of promoting change in a single versus multiple health behaviors [thesis]. Ann Arbor: University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2002.
Peralta 2009 {published data only}
    1. Peralta LR, Jones RA, Okely AD. Promoting healthy lifestyles among adolescent boys: the Fitness Improvement and Lifestyle Awareness Program RCT. Preventive Medicine 2009;48:537-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.04.007] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Peralta LR. Preventing obesity among adolescent boys: the Fitness Improvement Lifestyle Awareness (the FILA program) randomised controlled trial [thesis]. Wollongong NSW: University of Wollongong, 2010.
Pfeiffer 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT01503333. Girls on the Move intervention to increase physical activity among middle school girls [Girls on the Move Intervention]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01503333 (first received 23 December 2011).
    1. Pfeiffer KA, Robbins LB, Ling J, Sharma DB, Dalimonte-Merckling DM, Voskuil VR, et al. Effects of the Girls on the Move randomized trial on adiposity and aerobic performance (secondary outcomes) in low-income adolescent girls. Pediatric Obesity 2019;14:e12559. [DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12559] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Robbins LB, Ling J, Wen F. Attending after-school physical activity club 2 days a week attenuated an increase in percentage body fat and a decrease in fitness among adolescent girls at risk for obesity. American Journal of Health Promotion 2020;34(5):500-4. [DOI: 10.1177/0890117120915679] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Robbins LB, Ling J, Wen F. Moderators in a physical activity intervention for adolescent girls. Pediatric Research 2020;88(5):810-17. [DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0818-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Robbins LB, Pfeiffer KA, Vermeesch A, Resnicow K, You Z, An L, et al. "Girls on the Move" intervention protocol for increasing physical activity among low-active underserved urban girls: a group randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2013;13:474. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-474] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Prins 2012 {published data only}
    1. NTR1923. YouR Action [YouR Action: development and evaluation of interventions to promote moderate to vigorous PA in adolescents, tailored to personal motivations and environmental opportunities]. trialregister.nl/trial/1813 (first received 27 July 2009).
    1. Prins RG, Brug J, Empelen P, Oenema A. Effectiveness of YouRAction, an intervention to promote adolescent physical activity using personal and environmental feedback: a cluster RCT. PLoS One 2012;7(3):e32682. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032682] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Prins RG, Empelen P, Beenackers MA, Brug J, Oenema A. Systematic Development of the YouRAction program, a computer-tailored physical activity promotion intervention for Dutch adolescents, targeting personal motivations and environmental opportunities. BMC Public Health 2010;10:474. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-474] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Razani 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT02623855. Stay Healthy In Nature Everyday: family nature outings in a low Income population SHINE [Stay Healthy In Nature Everyday: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of family nature outings on stress and physical inactivity in a low income population]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02623855 (first received 24 November 2015).
    1. Razani N, Kohn MA, Wells NM, Thompson D, Hamilton Flores H, Rutherford GW. Design and evaluation of a park prescription program for stress reduction and health promotion in low-income families: the Stay Healthy in Nature Everyday (SHINE) study protocol. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2016;51:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.09.007] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Razani N, Morshed S, Kohn MA, Wells NM, Thompson D, Alqassari M, et al. Effect of park prescriptions with and without group visits to parks on stress reduction in low-income parents: SHINE randomized trial. PLoS One 2018;13(2):e0192921. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192921] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Reesor 2019 {published data only}
    1. Johnston CA, Moreno JP. Development of a school-based obesity intervention for Mexican Americans. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology 2014;2(2):116-30. [DOI: 10.1037/cpp0000061] - DOI
    1. Johnston CA, Tyler C, Fullerton G, Poston WS, Haddock CK, McFarlin B, et al. Results of an intensive school-based weight loss program with overweight Mexican American children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 2007;2(3):144-52. [DOI: 10.1080/17477160701305864] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Johnston CA, Tyler C, McFarlin BK, Poston WS, Haddock CK, Reeves R, et al. Weight loss in overweight Mexican American children: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2007;120(6):e1450-7. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-3321] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT00454610. Family lifestyle overweight prevention program [Family lifestyle overweight prevention program: evaluation of a weight management program for Mexican American youth]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00454610 (first received 30 March 2007).
    1. Reesor L, Moreno JP, Johnston A, Hernandez DC. School‐based weight management program curbs summer weight gain among low‐income Hispanic middle school students. Journal of School Health 2019;89(1):59-67. [DOI: 10.1111/josh.12713] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rodearmel 2006 {published data only}
    1. Rodearmel SJ, Wyatt HR, Barry MJ, Dong F, Pan D, Israel RG, et al. A family-based approach to preventing excessive weight gain. Obesity 2006;14(8):1393-1401. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.158] - DOI - PubMed
Sabino 2021 {published data only}
    1. Sabino B, Almeaida MJ, Fonseca AM. In: Effects of physical activity intervention on body measures in adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Obesity Facts 2021 Vol. 14(suppl 1) Issue 1 Pages 168-169; LBP-32. 2021. [DOI: 10.1159/000515996] - DOI
Schreier 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT01698034. Volunteering and cardiovascular risk in adolescents [How volunteer programs affect health and well-being in low-income youth]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01698034 (first received 21 September 2012).
    1. Schreier HM, Schonert-Reichl KA, Chen E. Effect of volunteering on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA pediatrics 2013;167(4):327‐32. [DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.1100] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Schreier HMC. Physiological benefits of volunteering among young adults and adolescents [thesis]. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 2012.
Shin 2015 {published data only}
    1. Shin A, Surkan PJ, Coutinho AJ, Suratkar SR, Campbell RK, Rowan M, et al. Impact of Baltimore healthy eating zones: an environmental intervention to improve diet among African American youth. Health Education & Behavior 2015;42(1, Suppl):97S-105S. [DOI: 10.1177/1090198115571362] - DOI - PubMed
Shomaker 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03085160. Project EAT: Eating and Attitudes in Teens [Project EAT: Eating and Attitudes in Teens]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03085160 (first received 9 March 2017).
    1. Shomaker LB, Berman Z, Burke M, Annameier SK, Pivarunas B, Sanchez N, et al. Mindfulness-based group intervention in adolescents at-risk for excess weight gain: a randomized controlled pilot study. Appetite 2019;140:213-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.022] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Simons 2015 {published data only}
    1. NTR3228. Activity-promoting video games: an effective way to prevent overweight and obesity in a family setting? [Activity-promoting video games: an effective way to prevent overweight and obesity in a family setting?]. trialregister.nl/trial/3080 (first received 11 January 2012).
    1. Simons M, Brug J, Chinapaw MJ, Boer M, Seidell J, Vet E. Replacing non-active video gaming by active video gaming to prevent excessive weight gain in adolescents. PLoS ONE 2015;10(7):e0126023. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126023] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Simons M, Chinapaw MJ, de Bovenkamp M, Boer MR, Seidell JC, Brug J, et al. Active video games as a tool to prevent excessive weight gain in adolescents: rationale, design and methods of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2014;14:275. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-275] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Singh 2009 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN87127361. Dutch obesity intervention in teenagers: a school-based intervention program to improve dietary and physical activity behaviour in adolescents, in order to prevent excessive weight gain [Dutch obesity intervention in teenagers: a school-based intervention program to improve dietary and physical activity behaviour in adolescents, in order to prevent excessive weight gain]. isrctn.com/ISRCTN87127361 (first received 4 July 2005).
    1. Singh AS, Chin A, Paw MJ, Brug J, Van Mechelen W. Dutch obesity intervention in teenagers: effectiveness of a school-based program on body composition and behavior. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2009;163:309-17. [DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.2] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Singh AS, Paw MJMCA, Brug J, Mechelen W. Short-term effects of school-based weight gain prevention among adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2007;161(6):565-71. [DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.161.6.565] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Singh AS, Paw MJMCA, Kremers SPJ, Visscher TLS, Brug J, Van Mechelen W. Design of the Dutch obesity intervention in teenagers (NRG-DOiT): systematic development, imlementation and evaluation of a school-based intervention aimed at the prevention of excessive weight gain in adolescents. BMC Public Health 2006;6:304. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-304] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Slawson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Slawson DL, Dalton WT, Dula TM, Southerland J, Wang L, Littleton MA, et al. Team Up for Healthy Living: cross-peer obesity prevention intervention has positive impact for high school students in rural Appalachia. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2015;115(9, Supplement):A51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.06.177] - DOI
    1. Slawson DL, Dalton WT3rd, Dula TM, Southerland J, Wang L, Littleton MA, et al. College students as facilitators in reducing adolescent obesity disparity in Southern Appalachia: Team Up for Healthy Living. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2015;43:39-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.04.012] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Southerland JL, Wang L, Slawson DL. Weight misperception and health-related quality of life in Appalachian adolescents in the United States. Journal of Maternal and Child Health 2017;21(1):168-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-2106-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Smith 2014 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612000978864. The ATLAS (Active Teen Leaders Avoiding Screen-time) obesity prevention program for adolescent boys [Group randomised controlled trial of the Active Teen Leaders Avoiding Screen-time (ATLAS) obesity prevention intervention for adolescent boys living in low-income communities]. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612000978864.aspx 2012;(first received 11 September 2012).
    1. Lubans DR, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Beauchamp MR, Miller A, Lonsdale C, et al. Mediators of psychological well-being in adolescent boys. Journal of Adolescent Health 2016;58(2):230-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.10.010] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Lubans DR, Smith JJ, Plotnikoff RC, Dally KA, Okely AD, Salmon J, et al. Assessing the sustained impact of a school-based obesity prevention program for adolescent boys: the ATLAS cluster randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2016;13:92. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0420-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Lonsdale C, Dally K, Plotnikoff RC, Lubans DR. Mediators of change in screen-time in a school-based intervention for adolescent boys: findings from the ATLAS cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2017;40(3):423-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-016-9810-2] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Dally KA, Salmon J, Okely AD, et al. Rationale and study protocol for the 'active teen leaders avoiding screen-time' (ATLAS) group randomized controlled trial: an obesity prevention intervention for adolescent boys from schools in low-income communities. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2014;37(1):106-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2013.11.008] - DOI - PubMed
Takacs 2020 {published data only}
    1. Takacs H, Martos E, Kovacs VA. Effects of a practice-focused nutrition intervention in Hungarian adolescents. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita 2020;56(1):99-106. [DOI: 10.4415/ANN_20_01_14] - DOI - PubMed
TenHoor 2018 {published data only}
    1. NTR5676. The focus on strength programme: an innovative strength-based physical activity intervention to improve body composition and to stimulate physical activity in adolescents (12-18 years) with overweight or obesity [The focus on strength programme: an innovative strength-based physical activity intervention to improve body composition and to stimulate physical activity in adolescents (12-18yaers) with overweight or obesity]. trialregister.nl/trial/5554 (first received 8 February 2016).
    1. Ten Hoor GA, Kok G, Rutten GM, Ruiter RA, Kremers SP, Schols AM, et al. The Dutch 'Focus on Strength' intervention study protocol: programme design and production, implementation and evaluation plan. BMC Public Health 2016;16:496. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3150-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ten Hoor GA, Rutten GM, Van Breukelen GJP, Kok G, Ruiter RAC, Meijer K, et al. Strength exercises during physical education classes in secondary schools improve body composition: a cluster randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2018;15(1):92. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-018-0727-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Velez 2010 {published data only}
    1. Velez A, Golem DL, Arent SM. The impact of a 12-week resistance training program on strength, body composition, and self-concept of Hispanic adolescents. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2010;24(4):1065-73. [DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cc230a] - DOI - PubMed
Viggiano 2015 {published data only}
    1. Viggiano A, Viggiano E, Di Costanzo A, Viggiano A, Andreozzi E, Romano V, et al. Kaledo, a board game for nutrition education of children and adolescents at school: cluster randomized controlled trial of healthy lifestyle promotion. European Journal of Pediatrics 2015;174(2):217-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2381-8] - DOI - PubMed
Weeks 2012 {published data only}
    1. Weeks BK, Beck BR. Twice-weekly, in-school jumping improves lean mass, particularly in adolescent boys. Pediatric Obesity 2012;7(3):196-204. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2011.00026.x] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Weeks BK, Young CM, Beck BR. Eight months of regular in-school jumping improves indices of bone strength in adolescent boys and Girls: the POWER PE study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2008;23(7):1002-11. [DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080226] - DOI - PubMed
Whittemore 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT01560676. Reducing obesity and type 2 diabetes in high risk youth HEALTH[e]TEEN [A school-based internet obesity prevention program for adolescents]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01560676 (first received 20 March 2012).
    1. Whittemore R, Chao A, Jang M, Jeon S, Liptak T, Popick R, et al. Implementation of a school-based internet obesity prevention program for adolescents. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2013;45(6):586-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2013.03.012] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Whittemore R, Jeon S, Grey M. An internet obesity prevention program for adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013;52(4):439-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.07.014] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wieland 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hanza MM, Goodson M, Osman A, Porraz Capetillo MD, Hared A, Nigon JA, et al. Erratum to: Lessons learned from community-led recruitment of immigrants and refugee participants for a randomized, community-based participatory research study. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 2016;18(5):1246. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-016-0414-2] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Hanza MM, Goodson M, Osman A, Porraz Capetillo MD, Hared A, Nigon JA, et al. Lessons learned from community-led recruitment of immigrants and refugee participants for a randomized, community-based participatory research study. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 2016;18(5):1241-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-016-0394-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01952808. Healthy Immigrant Families: working together to move more and to eat well [Healthy Immigrant Families: working together to move more and to eat well]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01952808 (first received 24 September 2013).
    1. Wieland ML, Hanza MMM, Weis JA, Meiers SJ, Patten CA, Clark MM, et al. Healthy Immigrant Families: randomized controlled trial of a family-based nutrition and physical activity intervention. American Journal of Health Promotion 2018;32(2):473-84. [DOI: 10.1177/0890117117733342] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wieland ML, Weis JA, Hanza MM, Meiers SJ, Patten CA, Clark MM, et al. Healthy immigrant families: participatory development and baseline characteristics of a community-based physical activity and nutrition intervention. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2016;47:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.12.004] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wilksch 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wade TD, Wilksch SM, Paxton SJ, Byrne SM, Austin SB. Do universal media literacy programs have an effect on weight and shape concern by influencing media internalization? International Journal of Eating Disorders 2017;50(7):731-38. [DOI: 10.1002/eat.22689] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wilksch SM, Paxton SJ, Byrne SM, Austin SB, McLean SA, Thompson KM, et al. Prevention across the spectrum: a randomized controlled trial of three programs to reduce risk factors for both eating disorders and obesity. Psychological Medicine 2015;45(9):1811-23. [DOI: 10.1017/S003329171400289X] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wilksch SM, Paxton SJ, Byrne SM, Austin SB, O'Shea A, Wade TD. Outcomes of three universal eating disorder risk reduction programs by participants with higher and lower baseline shape and weight concern. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2017;50(1):66-75. [DOI: 10.1002/eat.22642] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wilksch SM, Wade TD. Life Smart: a pilot study of a school-based program to reduce the risk of both eating disorders and obesity in young adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2013;38(9):1021-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jst036] - DOI - PubMed
Zhou 2019 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-IOR-14005388. The childhood health, activity and motor performance study [The childhood health, activity and motor performance study]. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=9732 (first received 25 October 2014).
    1. Zhou Z, Dong S, Yin J, Fu Q, Ren H, Yin Z. Improving physical fitness and cognitive functions in middle school students: study protocol for the Chinese Childhood Health, Activity and Motor Performance Study (Chinese CHAMPS). International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health 2018;15(5):14. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050976] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhou Z, Li S, Yin J, Fu Q, Ren H, Jin T, et al. Impact on physical fitness of the Chinese CHAMPS: a clustered randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health 2019;16(22):11. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224412] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zota 2016 {published data only}
    1. Zota D, Dalma A, Petralias A, Lykou A, Kastorini CM, Yannakoulia M, et al. Promotion of healthy nutrition among students participating in a school food aid program: a randomized trial. International Journal of Public Health 2016;61(5):583-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-016-0813-0] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Carlin 2018 {published data only}
    1. Carlin A, Murphy MH, Gallagher AM. The WISH study: the effect of peer-led Walking In ScHools on school-time physical activity. In: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Irish Section Meeting. Nutrition at key life stages: new findings, new approaches; 2015 June 17–19; Cork, Ireland. Vol. 74. 2015:E235. [DOI: 10.1017/S0029665115002773] - DOI
    1. Carlin A, Murphy MH, Nevill A, Gallagher AM. Effects of a peer-led Walking In ScHools intervention (the WISH study) on physical activity levels of adolescent girls: a cluster randomised pilot study. Trials 2018;19(1):31. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2415-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. O'Kane SM, Carlin A, Gallagher AM, Lahart IM, Jago R, Faulkner M, et al. A study protocol for a clustered randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer-led school-based walking intervention on adolescent girls' physical activity: the Walking In ScHools (WISH) study. BMC Public Health 2020;20(1):541. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08600-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dong 2021 {published data only}
    1. Chen Y, Ma L, Ma Y, Wang H, Luo J, Zhang X, et al. A national school-based health lifestyles interventions among Chinese children and adolescents against obesity: rationale, design and methodology of a randomized controlled trial in China. BMC Public Health 2015;15:210. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1516-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dong Y, Zou Z, Wang H, Dong B, Hu P, Ma Y, et al. National school-based health lifestyles intervention in chinese children and adolescents on obesity and hypertension. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2021;9:1. [DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.615283] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Luszczynska 2016a {published data only}
    1. Luszczynska A, Hagger MS, Banik A, Horodyska K, Knoll N, Scholz U. Self-efficacy, planning, or a combination of both? A longitudinal experimental study comparing effects of three interventions on adolescents' body fat. PLoS One 2016;11(7):e0159125. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159125] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02689973. Effects of self-efficacy, planning, and self-efficacy+planning interventions on body fat among adolescents [Synergistic effects of implementation intention and self-efficacy on behavior change and body fat: a randomized controlled trial of interventions promoting physical activity]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02689973 (first received 24 February 2016).
NCT00061165 {published data only}
    1. NCT00061165. Obesity prevention in African American school children [Obesity prevention in African American school children]. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00061165 (first received 23 May 2003).
NCT01845480 {published data only}
    1. NCT01845480. The Wildcat Wellness coaching trial [The Wildcat Wellness coaching trial: home-based obesity prevention and health promotion in children and adolescents]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01845480 (first received 3 May 2013).
NCT03469752 {published data only}
    1. NCT03469752. Latino fathers promoting healthy youth behaviors [Latino fathers promoting healthy youth behaviors]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03469752 (first received 19 March 2018).
NCT03710746 {published data only}
    1. NCT03710746. Project Health: enhancing effectiveness of a dissonance-based obesity prevention program (PH) [Enhancing effectiveness of a dissonance-based obesity prevention program]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03710746 (first received 18 October 2018).
NCT03885115 {published data only}
    1. NCT03885115. Lace Up and Move: structured after school intervention for Hispanic and African American youth (LUAM) [Lace Up and Move: structured after school intervention for Hispanic and African American youth]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03885115 (first received 21 March 2019).
NCT04362280 {published data only}
    1. NCT04362280. Teens committed to health through activity, relationships, and good eating (Take CHARGE!) [Teens committed to health through activity, relationships, and good eating (Take CHARGE!)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04362280 (first received 24 April 2020).
Partridge 2019 {published data only}
    1. Partridge S, Singleton A, Cohen P, Allman-Farinelli M, Mihrshahi S, Chau J, et al. Development of a bank of text messages targeting healthy eating, physical activity, and social wellbeing in adolescents at risk of obesity. Global Heart 2018;13(4):493. [ABSTRACT NUMBER: PO544] [DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2018.09.416] - DOI
    1. Partridge SR, Raeside R, Latham Z, Singleton AC, Hyun K, Grunseit A, et al. 'Not to be harsh but try less to relate to 'the teens' and you'll relate to them more': co-designing obesity prevention text messages with adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health 2019;16(24):4. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244887] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Prieto‐Zambrano 2021 {published data only}
    1. Prieto-Zambrano P, Pache-Iglesias L, Dominguez-Martin AT, Panea-Pizarro I, Gomez-Luque A, Lopez-Espuela F. Impact of an educational intervention on the quality of the Mediterranean diet, physical activity and weight status in adolescents: randomised clinical trial. Enfermeria Clinica 2021;31(1):51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.03.003] - DOI - PubMed
Quintiliani 2014 {published data only}
    1. Quintiliani LM, DeBiasse MA, Branco JM, Bhosrekar SG, Rorie SG, Bowen JA, et al. Enhancing physical and social environments to reduce obesity among public housing residents: rationale, trial design, and baseline data for the Healthy Families study. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2014;39(2):201-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2014.08.005] - DOI - PubMed
Robbins 2006 {published data only}
    1. Robbins LB, Gretebeck KA, Kazanis AS, Pender NJ. Girls on the move program to increase physical activity participation. Nursing Research 2006;55(3):206-16. [DOI: 10.1097/00006199-200605000-00007] - DOI - PubMed
Sallis 2003 {published data only}
    1. McKenzie TL, Sallis JF, Prochaska JJ, Conway TL, Marshall SJ, Rosengard P. Evaluation of a two-year middle-school physical education intervention: M-SPAN. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2004;36(8):1382-8. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000135792.20358.4d] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Conway TL, Elder JP, Prochaska JJ, Brown M, et al. Environmental interventions for eating and physical activity: a randomized controlled trial in middle schools. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2003;24(3):209‐17. [DOI: 10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00646-3] - DOI - PubMed
Trude 2019 {published data only}
    1. Perepezko K, Tingey l, Sato P, Rastatter S, Ruggiero C, Gittelsohn J. Partnering with carryouts: implementation of a food environment intervention targeting youth obesity. Health Education Research 2018;33(1):4-13. [DOI: 10.1093/her/cyx078] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Trude AC, Surkan PJ, Anderson Steeves E, Pollack Porter K, Gittelsohn J. The impact of a multilevel childhood obesity prevention intervention on healthful food acquisition, preparation, and fruit and vegetable consumption on African-American adult caregivers. Public Health Nutrition 2019;22(7):1300-15. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980018003038] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Weigensberg 2021 {published data only}
    1. Bell BM, Spruijt-Metz D, Naya CH, Lane CJ, Wen CKF, Davis JN, et al. The mediating role of emotional eating in the relationship between perceived stress and dietary intake quality in Hispanic/Latino adolescents. Eating Behaviors 2021;42:101537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101537] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weigensberg MJ, Avila Q, Spruijt-Metz D, Davis JN, Wen CKF, Goodman K, et al. Imagine HEALTH: randomized controlled trial of a guided imagery lifestyle intervention to improve obesity-related lifestyle behaviors in predominantly latinx adolescents. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2021;27(9):738-49. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0515] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weigensberg MJ, Spruijt-Metz D, Wen CKF, Davis JN, Avila Q, Juarez M, et al. Protocol for the Imagine HEALTH study: guided imagery lifestyle intervention to improve obesity-related behaviors and salivary cortisol patterns in predominantly Latino adolescents. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2018;72:103-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.07.009] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Miller‐Whitehead 2001 {published data only}
    1. Miller-Whitehead M. Efficacy, outcomes, and empowerment evaluation of a school district NET project. Research brief. Muscle Shoals, AL: Tennessee Valley Educators for Excellence, 2001. [ERIC NUMBER: ED456132]
Radilla Vasquez 2021 {published data only}
    1. Radilla Vázquez CC, Gutiérrez Tolentino R, Vega y León S, Leija Alva G, Schettino Bermudez B, Molina Frechero N, et al. Intervention through the curriculum for the prevention of obesity in schoolchildren, a two-year evaluation in urban public and private schools in Mexico [Intervención educativa para disminuir la prevalencia de obesidad en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México, México]. Revista Española de Nutrición Comunitaria 2021;23:166-76. [DOI: 10.14642/RENC.2021.27.3.5372] - DOI
Roy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Roy R. A Health Check-Up for Educational Institutions : A Settings-Based Intervention Trial to Improve Tertiary Education Food Environments [PhD thesis]. Sydney, Australia: University of Sydney, 2016.
Salminen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Salminen M, Vahlberg T, Ojanlatva A, Kivela S. Effects of a controlled family-based health education/counseling intervention. American Journal of Health Behavior 2005;29:395-406. [DOI: 10.5555/ajhb.2005.29.5.395] - DOI - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12620001101976 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12620001101976. The Pasifika Preventing Diabetes programme: a lifestyle intervention through community activation and peer support among Pasifika people [The Pasifika Preventing Diabetes programme: a stepped wedge cluster randomised trial investigating the effect of a lifestyle intervention involving community activation and peer support, on HbA1c levels among Pasifika people]. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12620001101976.aspx (first received 23 October 2020).
ACTRN12622000906752 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12622000906752. An Aotearoa New Zealand diet for metabolic health and whanau wellbeing: He Rourou Whai Painga [An Aotearoa New Zealand diet for metabolic health and Whanau Wellbeing: He Rourou Whai Painga (HRWP); a randomised controlled trial of a dietary pattern in adults at metabolic risk and their whanau and the effect on metabolic syndrome z score]. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89011056 (first received 14 June 2022).
ACTRN12622000949785 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12622000949785. Health4Me: text messaging to support adolescent physical and mental health and wellbeing in the community [Health4Me Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT): the efficacy of a 6-month text message program as primary prevention of cardiovascular disease among young people]. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12622000949785.aspx (first received 5 July 2022).
Brown 2020 {published data only}
    1. Brown V, Williams J, McGivern L, Sawyer S, Orellana L, Luo W, et al. Protocol for economic evaluation alongside the SHINE (Supporting Healthy Image, Nutrition and Exercise) cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2020;10(8):e038050. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038050] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
CTRI/2017/05/008501 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/05/008501. Prevention of obesity through Health education among school going children [Obesity-risk reduction through structured school based Health education among English medium high school students: stratified cluster randomized controlled trial]. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=16454 (first received 5 May 2017).
CTRI/2018/01/011351 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/01/011351. A study to assess effectivness of physical exercises diet modification and screen time on heignt and weight for school children studying in government schools [A cluster randomaized control to assess effectivness of lifestyle intervention package on health behaviour on anthropometric measurements of school children of Daddu Majra colony and Dhanas,UT Chandigarh in 2016-2018]. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=22353 (first received 16 January 2018).
CTRI/2019/11/022064 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2019/11/022064. Project i-PROMISe (PROMoting Health LIteracy in School) Plus [Impact of comprehensive multi-component Health Literacy module on dietary and physical activity patterns of adolescents studying in schools of Delhi, India - i-PROMISe Plus]. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=37557 (first received 19 November 2019).
CTRI/2020/10/028700 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/10/028700. Health promotion against Non-communicable diseases risk factors [Vitalizing Community against Non-communicable diseases (V-CaN): a cluster field trial for health promotion against Non-communicable diseases risk factors in rural India - V-CaN]. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=47597 (first received 28 October 2020).
Dukhi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dukhi N, Sartorius B, Taylor M. A behavioural change intervention study for the prevention of childhood obesity in South Africa: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2020;20(1):179. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8272-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Fernandez‐Jimenez 2019 {published data only}
    1. Fernandez-Jimenez R, Santos-Beneit G, Tresserra-Rimbau A, Bodega P, Miguel M, Cos-Gandoy A, et al. Rationale and design of the school-based SI! Program to face obesity and promote health among Spanish adolescents: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. American Heart Journal 2019;215:27-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2019.03.014] - DOI - PubMed
Hankonen 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hankonen N, Absetz P, Araújo-Soares V. Changing activity behaviours in vocational school students: the stepwise development and optimised content of the 'let's move it' intervention. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine 2020;8(1):440-60. [DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2020.1813036] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hankonen N, Heino MT, Araujo-Soares V, Sniehotta FF, Sund R, Vasankari T, et al. 'Let's Move It' - a school-based multilevel intervention to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour among older adolescents in vocational secondary schools: a study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16:451. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3094-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Heino MTJ, Knittle K, Fried E, Sund R, Haukkala A, Borodulin K, et al. Visualisation and network analysis of physical activity and its determinants: demonstrating opportunities in analysing baseline associations in the Let's Move It trial. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine 2019;7(1):269-89. [DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2019.1646136] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
ISRCTN06248443 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN06248443. Obesity Prevention Tailored for Health II [Obesity Prevention Tailored for Health II: a randomized study]. isrctn.com/ISRCTN06248443 (first received 30 January 2014).
ISRCTN76013675 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN76013675. A physical activity and family-based intervention in pediatric obesity prevention in the school setting [A Physical activity and family-based intervention in pediatric obesity prevention in the school setting: a randomised controlled trial]. isrctn.com/ISRCTN76013675 (first received 7 November 2014).
Jones Bell 2019 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN51957280. ICARE-PREVENT: effectiveness of an Internet based intervention for eating disorders and obesity for adolescents in school setting [Evaluating and disseminating transdiagnostic preventive interventions for eating disorders and obesity for adolescents in school settings (ICare-Prevent)]. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN51957280 (first received 5 February 2016).
    1. Jones Bell M, Zeiler M, Herrero R, Kuso S, Nitsch M, Etchemendy E, et al. Healthy Teens @ School: evaluating and disseminating transdiagnostic preventive interventions for eating disorders and obesity for adolescents in school settings. Internet Interventions 2019;16:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2018.02.007] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
JPRN‐UMIN000036544 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000036544. Challenge and new strategy of health promotion for health and longevity in Okinawa residents 2: Yui Kenko Project 2 [Challenge and new strategy of health promotion for health and longevity in Okinawa residents 2: Yui Kenko Project 2 - Yui Kenko Project 2]. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000036544 (first received 30 June 2019).
NCT00921323 {published data only}
    1. NCT00921323. The use of pedometers as an adjunctive tool in a school-based pediatric weight management program [The use of pedometers as an adjunctive tool in a school-based pediatric weight management program]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00921323 (first received 15 June 2009).
NCT01373307 {published data only}
    1. NCT01373307. An intergenerational community based participatory research (CBPR) intervention to reduce Appalachian health disparities [An intergenerational CBPR intervention to reduce Appalachian health disparities]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01373307 (first received 8 June 2011 ).
NCT01626807 {published data only}
    1. NCT01626807. Evaluation of a walking school bus program [Evaluation of a walking school bus program: a Cluster randomized controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01626807 (first received 21 June 2012).
NCT03762135 {published data only}
    1. NCT03762135. Location Initiated Individualized Texts for Adolescent Health (LIITAH) [Location Initiated Individualized Texts for Adolescent Health (LIITAH)]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03762135 (first received 30 November 2018).
NCT03805295 {published data only}
    1. NCT03805295. Implementation and evaluation of a before school physical activity program in Revere, MA [Implementation and evaluation of a before school physical activity program in Revere, MA]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03805295 (first received 11 January 2019).
NCT03996109 {published data only}
    1. NCT03996109. Living Green and Healthy for Teens (LiGHT) [Living Green and Healthy for Teens (LiGHT) - a randomized trial evaluating behaviour change using a gamified hHealthy living app for youth and their families]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03996109 (first received 24 June 2019).
NCT04644224 {published data only}
    1. NCT04644224. Parent and family oriented support interventions for the facilitation of weight loss in African American families [A peer and family-based approach to obesity in African American families]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04644224 (first received 21 October 2020).
NCT04905966 {published data only}
    1. NCT04905966. Effect of a physical activity and nutrition education intervention on obesity prevalence in schoolchildren [Effect of a physical activity and nutrition education intervention on obesity prevalence in schoolchildren from Caaguazu Department, Paraguay: a clustered randomized controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04905966 (first received 25 May 2021).
NCT05329753 {published data only}
    1. NCT05329753. Effectiveness of a mobile health intervention for the prevention of overweight and obesity in adolescents [Effectiveness of a mobile health intervention for the prevention of overweight and obesity in adolescents on sport and nutrition knowledge, eating habits and physical activity: a randomized clinical trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05329753 (first received 8 April 2022).
O'Kane 2020 {published data only}
    1. O'Kane SM, Carlin A, Gallagher AM, Lahart IM, Jago R, Faulkner M, et al. A study protocol for a clustered randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer-led school-based walking intervention on adolescent girls' physical activity: the Walking In ScHools (WISH) study. BMC Public Health 2020;20(1):541. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08600-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Porter 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT02672748. Growing resilience in Wind River Indian reservation GR [Growing resilience: an rct on the health impact of gardens with Wind River Indian reservation]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02672748 (first received 9 November 2015).
    1. Naschold F, Porter CM. BMI status and trends among native american family members participating in the growing resilience home garden study. Current Developments in Nutrition 2022;6(7):nzac100. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac100] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Porter CM, Wechsler AM, Naschold F, Hime SJ, Fox L. Assessing health impacts of home food gardens with Wind River Indian Reservation families: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019;9(4):e022731. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022731] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
RBR‐86xv46 {published data only}
    1. RBR-86xv46. Effects of a school intervention on adolescent health [Effects of a school-based intervention on executive function, sedentary behavior and nutritional status of adolescents]. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-86xv46 (first received 11 December 2019).
RBR‐9c7pkd8 {published data only}
    1. RBR-9c7pkd8. Efficacy of a Health Education Program on physical activity and food consumption in schoolchildren [Efficacy and effectiveness of a Health Education Program regarding the practice physical activity and food consumption in schoolchildren in a southern Brazilian county: a controlled community trial]. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-9c7pkd8 (first received 8 April 2022).
RBR‐9crqgt {published data only}
    1. RBR-9crqgt. Differences between two types of nutritional education programs [Internet - based nutrition education versus conventional nutrition education: a randomized clinical trial]. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-9crqgt (first received 10 October 2019).
Smith 2018 {published data only}
    1. Smith LH, Petosa RL, Shoben A. Peer mentor versus teacher delivery of a physical activity program on the effects of BMI and daily activity: protocol of a school-based group randomized controlled trial in Appalachia. BMC Public Health 2018;18(1):633. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5537-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Strommer 2020 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN74109264. Engaging adolescents in changing behaviour: a programme of research to improve the diets and physical activity levels of adolescents [Engaging adolescents in changing behaviour (EACH-B): a programme of research to improve the diets and physical activity levels of adolescents]. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN74109264 (first received 30 August 2019).
    1. Strommer S, Barrett M, Woods-Townsend K, Baird J, Farrell D, Lord J, et al. Engaging adolescents in changing behaviour (EACH-B): a study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial to improve dietary quality and physical activity. Trials 2020;21(1):859. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04761-w] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sutherland 2019 {published data only}
    1. Sutherland R, Campbell E, McLaughlin M, Nathan N, Wolfenden L, Lubans DR, et al. Scale-up of the Physical Activity 4 Everyone (PA4E1) intervention in secondary schools: 24-month implementation and cost outcomes from a cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2021;18(1):137. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01206-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sutherland R, Campbell E, Nathan N, Wolfenden L, Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, et al. A cluster randomised trial of an intervention to increase the implementation of physical activity practices in secondary schools: study protocol for scaling up the Physical Activity 4 Everyone (PA4E1) program. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):883. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6965-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Walters 2012 {published data only}
    1. Walters KL, LaMarr J, Levy RL, Pearson C, Maresca T, Mohammed SA, et al. Project həli?dx(w)/Healthy Hearts Across Generations: development and evaluation design of a tribally based cardiovascular disease prevention intervention for American Indian families. Journal of Primary Prevention 2012;33(4):197-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s10935-012-0274-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zoellner 2019 {published data only}
    1. Zoellner JM, Porter KJ, You W, Chow PI, Ritterband LM, Yuhas M, et al. Kids SIPsmartER, a cluster randomized controlled trial and multi-level intervention to improve sugar-sweetened beverages behaviors among Appalachian middle-school students: rationale, design & methods. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2019;83:64-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2019.06.011] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Additional references

Adab 2018
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Adams 2016
    1. Adams J, Mytton O, White M, Monsivais P. Why are some population interventions for diet and obesity more equitable and effective than others? The role of individual agency. PLoS Medicine 2016;13(4):457. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001990] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Al‐Khudairy 2017
    1. Al-Khudairy L, Loveman E, Colquitt JL, Mead E, Johnson RE, Fraser H, et al. Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 6. Art. No: CD012691. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012691] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Alemayehu 2018
    1. Alemayehu C, Mitchell G, Nikles J. Barriers for conducting clinical trials in developing countries- a systematic review. International Journal for Equity in Health 2018;17(1):37. [DOI: 10.1186/s12939-018-0748-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Allen‐Scott 2014
    1. Allen-Scott LK, Hatfield JM, McIntyre L. A scoping review of unintended harm associated with public health interventions: towards a typology and an understanding of underlying factors. International Journal of Public Health 2014;59(1):3-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-013-0526-6] - DOI - PubMed
Appannah 2021
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