Optimization and impact of sensitivity mode on abbreviated scan protocols with population-based input function for parametric imaging of [18F]-FDG for a long axial FOV PET scanner

Abstract

Background: The long axial field of view, combined with the high sensitivity of the Biograph Vision Quadra PET/CT scanner enables the precise deviation of an image derived input function (IDIF) required for parametric imaging. Traditionally, this requires an hour-long dynamic PET scan for [¹⁸F]-FDG, which can be significantly reduced by using a population-based input function (PBIF). In this study, we expand these examinations and include the scanner's ultra-high sensitivity (UHS) mode in comparison to the high sensitivity (HS) mode and evaluate the potential for further shortening of the scan time.

Methods: Patlak K_i and DV estimates were determined by the indirect and direct Patlak methods using dynamic [¹⁸F]-FDG data of 6 oncological patients with 26 lesions (0-65 min p.i.). Both sensitivity modes for different number/duration of PET data frames were compared, together with the potential of using abbreviated scan durations of 20, 15 and 10 min by using a PBIF. The differences in parametric images and tumour-to-background ratio (TBR) due to the shorter scans using the PBIF method and between the sensitivity modes were assessed.

Results: A difference of 3.4 ± 7.0% (K_i) and 1.2 ± 2.6% (DV) was found between both sensitivity modes using indirect Patlak and the full IDIF (0-65 min). For the abbreviated protocols and indirect Patlak, the UHS mode resulted in a lower bias and higher precision, e.g., 45-65 min p.i. 3.8 ± 4.4% (UHS) and 6.4 ± 8.9% (HS), allowing shorter scan protocols, e.g. 50-65 min p.i. 4.4 ± 11.2% (UHS) instead of 7.3 ± 20.0% (HS). The variation of K_i and DV estimates for both Patlak methods was comparable, e.g., UHS mode 3.8 ± 4.4% and 2.7 ± 3.4% (K_i) and 14.4 ± 2.7% and 18.1 ± 7.5% (DV) for indirect and direct Patlak, respectively. Only a minor impact of the number of Patlak frames was observed for both sensitivity modes and Patlak methods. The TBR obtained with direct Patlak and PBIF was not affected by the sensitivity mode, was higher than that derived from the SUV image (6.2 ± 3.1) and degraded from 20.2 ± 12.0 (20 min) to 10.6 ± 5.4 (15 min). K_i and DV estimate images showed good agreement (UHS mode, RC: 6.9 ± 2.3% (K_i), 0.1 ± 3.1% (DV), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR): 64.5 ± 3.3 dB (K_i), 61.2 ± 10.6 dB (DV)) even for abbreviated scan protocols of 50-65 min p.i.

Conclusions: Both sensitivity modes provide comparable results for the full 65 min dynamic scans and abbreviated scans using the direct Patlak reconstruction method, with good K_i and DV estimates for 15 min short scans. For the indirect Patlak approach the UHS mode improved the K_i estimates for the abbreviated scans.

Keywords: LAFOV PET; Parametric imaging; Patlak; Population-based input function; Total-body PET.

Fig. 1

(a) Example of single patient IDIF obtained by HS and UHS mode; (b): enlarged view for the IDIF peak region; (c): enlarged view for 30–65 min p.i.; (d): Mean IDIF of 6 patients obtained by HS and UHS mode; (e) enlarged view for the mean IDIF peak region; (f) enlarged view of the mean IDIF for 30–65 min p.i

Fig. 2

K_i (a) and DV (b) values obtained by HS and UHS mode with linear regression and axial position of lesions binned into intervals of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–30 cm and 30–53 cm

Fig. 3

Bias and precision for K_i (a) and DV (b) values for both sensitivity modes and for different number of Patlak frames with reference to values obtained with 4 Patlak frames and t*=45 min

Fig. 4

Bias and precision for K_i (a) and DV (b) values for indirect Patlak with sPBIF, both sensitivity modes, t*=45, 50 and 55 min with reference to IDIF based estimation (t*=45 min, 8 Patlak frames)

Fig. 5

Bias and precision for K_i (a) and DV (b) values for indirect Patlak with sPBIF, both sensitivity modes, t*=45, 50 and 55 min with reference to IDIF based estimation (t*=45 min, 8 Patlak frames)

Fig. 6

Bias and precision for K_i (a) and DV (b) values for direct Patlak with sPBIF, both sensitivity modes, different number of Patlak frames and t*=45, 50 and 55 min with reference to IDIF based estimation with the same settings

Fig. 7

Coronal (a) and transversal (b) views for SUV and direct Patlak K_i images for abbreviated scan times in UHS mode. Sagittal (c) view of CT image with 1.68 cm³ aortic VOI for IDIF in the thoracic aorta obtained by SnakeVOI. Coronal (d) and transversal (e) views of absolute relative difference image of K_i estimates (left to right: sPBIF (t*=45 min, 45–65 min p.i.), sPBIF (t*=50 min, 50–65 min p.i.) and sPBIF (t*=55 min, 55–65 min p.i.)) with reference to patient-individual IDIF (t*=45 min, 45–65 min p.i.)