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Review
. 2024 May 3:12:1390050.
doi: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1390050. eCollection 2024.

Five years of advances in electrochemical analysis of protein biomarkers in lung cancer: a systematic review

Matías Regiart  1 , Martín A Fernández-Baldo  1 , Bernardino Alcázar Navarrete  2   3   4 , Concepción Morales García  2   3 , Beatriz Gómez  2   3 , Gonzalo R Tortella  5   6 , Teresa Valero  2   7 , Francisco Gabriel Ortega  2   3   8   9
Affiliations
Review

Five years of advances in electrochemical analysis of protein biomarkers in lung cancer: a systematic review

Matías Regiart et al. Front Chem. .

Abstract

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. It represents a public health problem that must be addressed through the early detection of specific biomarkers and effective treatment. To address this critical issue, it is imperative to implement effective methodologies for specific biomarker detection of lung cancer in real clinical samples. Electrochemical methods, including microfluidic devices and biosensors, can obtain robust results that reduce time, cost, and assay complexity. This comprehensive review will explore specific studies, methodologies, and detection limits and contribute to the depth of the discussion, making it a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians interested in lung cancer diagnosis.

Keywords: biomarkers; biosensors; clinical analysis; diagnosis; electrochemical methods; lung cancer.

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Conflict of interest statement

Author FO was employed by Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
PRISMA flow diagram.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
(A) The number of publications exponentially increased from 2020 until now. (B) Number of publications according to the type of tumor: total lung cancer (LC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
(A) Total LC biomarkers studied in the reviewed articles. (B) Electrochemical methods used in the reviewed articles for biomarker analysis in all forms of lung cancer.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Schematic representation of the designed immunosensor for exosome biomarker detection. (A) Principle of the silanization process by APTES and aldehyde–ammonia condensation by glutaraldehyde on the hydroxylated working electrode. (B) Schematic illustration of antibody. (C) Fabrication procedures of the electrochemical immunosensor. (D) Principle of differential pulse voltammetry for the detection of exosomes. Reprinted with permission from Fan et al. (2022) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Modification process of the origami-paper-based EGFR aptasensor. Reprinted with permission from Wang et al. (2020) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
(A) NSCLC biomarkers studied in the reviewed articles. (B) Methods used in the reviewed articles for biomarker analysis in NSCLC.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Schematic stages of modified screen-printed gold electrodes. 4-ATP is 4-aminothiophenol, GA is glutaraldehyde, and anti-AGR2 is the AGR2 antibody. Reprinted with permission from Białobrzeska et al. (2021) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
(A) SCLC biomarkers studied in the reviewed articles. (B) Methods employed in the reviewed articles for biomarker analysis in SCLC.
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 9
Schematic representation of the designed electrochemical immunosensor for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) detection. Reprinted with permission from Wei et al. (2017) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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