Mohs micrographic surgery in the surgical treatment paradigm of melanoma in situ and invasive melanoma: A clinical review of treatment efficacy and ongoing controversies

Abstract

Mohs Micrographic Surgery (MMS) for treatment of melanoma offers several advantages over wide local excision (WLE), including complete histologic margin evaluation, same-day resection and closure, and sparing of healthy tissue in critical anatomic sites. Recently, a large volume of clinical data demonstrating efficacy in MMS treatment of melanoma was published, leading to emerging patient safety considerations of incurred treatment costs, risk of tumor upstaging, and failure of care coordination for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). MMS offers a safe, effective, and value-based treatment for both melanoma in situ (MIS) and invasive melanoma (IM), particularly with immunohistochemistry use on frozen sections. Compared to wide local excision, MMS treatment demonstrates similar or improved outcomes for local tumor recurrence, melanoma-specific survival, and overall survival at long-term follow-up. Tumor upstaging risk is low, and if present, alteration to clinical management is minimal. Discussion of SLNB for eligible head and neck IM cases should be done prior to MMS. Though challenging, successful multidisciplinary coordination of SLNB with MMS has been demonstrated. Herein, we provide a detailed clinical review of evidence for MMS treatment of cutaneous melanoma and offer recommendations to address current controversies surrounding the evolving paradigm of surgical management for both MIS and invasive melanoma (IM).

Keywords: LRR; MIS; MMS; MSS; Mohs; Mohs micrographic surgery; OS; SLNB; WLE; care; cost; excision; extremities; head; local recurrence; local recurrence rate; management; melanoma; melanoma in situ; melanoma-specific survival; neck; outcome; overall survival; quality; sentinel lymph node biopsy; subclinical extension; surgery; surgical; treatment; trunk; upstaging; value; wide local excision.