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. 2024 May 22;14(1):11705.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62038-7.

Transformation of heavy metals from contaminated water to soil, fodder and animals

Hina Kanwal  1 , Ali Raza  2 , Muhammad Saqlain Zaheer  3 , Muhammad Nadeem  4 , Hafiz Haider Ali  5   6 , Salim Manoharadas  7 , Muhammad Rizwan  8 , Muhammad Saleem Kashif  5 , Uzair Ahmad  9 , Kamran Ikram  10 , Muhammad Waheed Riaz  11 , Fatima Rasool  12
Affiliations

Transformation of heavy metals from contaminated water to soil, fodder and animals

Hina Kanwal et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

A serious environmental problem that threatens soil quality, agricultural productivity, and food safety is heavy metal pollution in water sources. Heavy metal pollution is the main problem in tehsil Pasrur, Sialkot, Pakistan. Present study was arranged to notice the heavy metals in water, soil, forages and buffalo milk. There are seven sites that were used for this experiment. Highest malondialdehyde (MDA) contents (3.00 ± 0.01) were noticed in barseem roots at site 7. Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) was reached at its peak (1.93 ± 0.01) at site 7 in the fresh barseem. Maximum protein contents (0.36 ± 0.01) were observed in fresh plant samples at site 2. Site 3's buffalo milk samples had the highest Ni content (7.22 ± 0.33 ppm), while Site 3's soil samples had the lowest Cr content (8.89 ± 0.56 ppm), Site 1's plant shoots had the lowest Cr content (27.75 ± 1.98 ppm), and Site 3's water had the highest Cr content (40.07 ± 0.49 ppm). The maximum fat content (5.38 ± 2.32%) was found in the milk of the animals at site 7. The highest density (31.88 ± 6.501%), protein content (3.64 ± 0.33%), lactose content (5.54 ± 0.320%), salt content (0.66 ± 0.1673%), and freezing point (- 0.5814 ± 0.1827 °C) were also observed in the milk from animals at site 7, whereas site 5 displayed the highest water content (0.66 ± 0.1673%) and peak pH value (11.64 ± 0.09). In selected samples, the pollution load index for Ni (which ranged from 0.01 to 1.03 mg/kg) was greater than 1. Site 7 has the highest conductivity value (5.48 ± 0.48). Values for the health risk index varied from 0.000151 to 1.00010 mg/kg, suggesting that eating tainted animal feed may pose health concerns. Significant health concerns arise from metal deposition in the food chain from soil to feed, with nickel having the highest health risk index.

Keywords: Animal fodder; Heavy metals; Milk contamination; Pollution; Waste water irrigation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Experimental Sites for data collection. Pasrur, Sialkot District, Punjab, Pakistan (32°16′0N 74°40′0E).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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