Salivary Diagnosis of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The activity of dental caries, combined with its multifactorial etiology, alters salivary molecule composition. The present systematic review was developed to answer the following question: "Are salivary biomarkers reliable for diagnosis of dental caries?". Following the "Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis" (PRISMA) guidelines, the review was conducted using multiple database research (Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus). Studies performed on healthy subjects with and without dental caries and providing detailed information concerning the clinical diagnosis of caries (Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth-DMFT and International Caries Detection and Assessment System-ICDAS criteria) were included. The quality assessment was performed following a modified version of the Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Checklist. The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, ID: CRD42022304505). Sixteen papers were included in the review. All studies reported statistically significant differences in the concentration of salivary molecules between subjects with and without caries (p < 0.05). Proteins were the most investigated molecules, in particular alpha-amylase and mucins. Some studies present a risk of bias, such as identifying confounding factors and clearly defining the source population. Nevertheless, the 16 papers were judged to be of moderate to high quality. There is evidence that some salivary compounds studied in this review could play an important diagnostic role for dental caries, such as salivary mucins, glycoproteins (sCD14), interleukins (IL-2RA, 4,-13), urease, carbonic anhydrase VI, and urea.

Keywords: biomarkers; caries detection; cariology; dental caries; salivary diagnostics.

Figure 1

Flowchart diagram for the selection of 16 papers included in the review.

Figure 2

(A) Critical Appraisal Checklist of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) based on the specific questionnaire for case–control studies [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,21,22,23,24,25,26,28]. (B) Critical Appraisal Checklist of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) based on the specific questionnaire for analytical cross-sectional studies [27].