Genetic Structure of Introduced Plasmodium vivax Malaria Isolates in Greece, 2015-2019

Abstract

Greece has been malaria-free since 1974, after an intense malaria control program. However, as Greece hosts migrant populations from P. vivax malaria-endemic countries, there is a risk of introducing the disease to specific vulnerable and receptive areas of the country. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of P. vivax populations is essential for understanding the dynamics of malaria disease transmission in a given region. We used nine highly polymorphic markers to genotype 124 P. vivax-infected archived DNA samples from human blood specimens referred to the NMRL from all over Greece throughout 2015-2019. The genotypic variability of the samples studied was noted, as they comprised several unique haplotypes, indicative of the importation of a large number of different P. vivax strains in the country. However, only a few events of local transmission were recorded. Genotyping revealed and confirmed the same clusters as those identified through epidemiological investigation. In only one introduction event was the index case found. No sustained/ongoing malaria transmissions in/between the studied regions or during consecutive years or additional foci of local transmission were observed. Genotyping is an important component in assisting malaria surveillance, as it provides information concerning the patterns of introduction and the effectiveness of implemented malaria control and elimination measures.

Keywords: Greece; Plasmodium vivax; genetic structure; microsatellite markers.

Figure 1

Geographical distribution of 124 Plasmodium vivax samples analyzed from imported and introduced cases, Greece, 2015–2019.

Figure 2

Distribution of the most frequent P. vivax allelic variants and lengths or types of genetic markers in Greece’s residents and in migrants, Greece, 2015–2019. The total number of samples is denoted in blue, samples from Greece’s residents are denoted in orange, and samples from migrants are denoted in gray.