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Review
. 2024 Apr 23;12(5):306.
doi: 10.3390/toxics12050306.

Approaches for the Efficient Removal of Fluoride from Groundwater: A Comprehensive Review

Negar Arab  1 , Reza Derakhshani  2   3 , Mohammad Hossein Sayadi  4
Affiliations
Review

Approaches for the Efficient Removal of Fluoride from Groundwater: A Comprehensive Review

Negar Arab et al. Toxics. .

Abstract

Contamination of groundwater with fluoride represents a significant global issue, with high concentrations posing serious public health threats. While fluoride is a critical element in water, excessive levels can be detrimental to human health and potentially life-threatening. Addressing the challenge of removing fluoride from underground water sources via nanotechnological approaches is a pressing concern in environmental science. To collate relevant information, extensive literature searches were conducted across multiple databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the American Chemical Society, Elsevier, Springer, and the Royal Society of Chemistry. VOS Viewer software version 1.6.20 was employed for a systematic review. This article delivers an exhaustive evaluation of various groundwater fluoride removal techniques, such as adsorption, membrane filtration, electrocoagulation, photocatalysis, and ion exchange. Among these, the application of nanoparticles emerges as a notable method. The article delves into nano-compounds, optimizing conditions for the fluoride removal process and benchmarking their efficacy against other techniques. Studies demonstrate that advanced nanotechnologies-owing to their rapid reaction times and potent oxidation capabilities-can remove fluoride effectively. The implementation of nanotechnologies in fluoride removal not only enhances water quality but also contributes to the safeguarding of human health.

Keywords: VOS Viewer; advanced oxidation process; groundwater remediation; human health.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Keyword and overlay visualization of co-occurrence analysis of fluoride adsorption using VOS Viewer.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The possible mechanism for removal of fluoride involving ionic liquids–iron oxide [38].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Keyword and overlay visualization of co-occurrence analysis of membrane filtration using VOS Viewer.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mechanism of reverse osmosis techniques for water purification [58].
Figure 5
Figure 5
A schematic depiction of a fundamental EC cells operating in batch mode [64].
Figure 6
Figure 6
Keyword and overlay visualization of co-occurrence analysis of electrocoagulation using VOS Viewer.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Keyword and overlay visualization of co-occurrence analysis of photocatalysis using VOS Viewer.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic diagram of the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of fluoride using g-C3N4/TiO2 photocatalyst under light irradiation [72].
Figure 9
Figure 9
Keyword and overlay visualization of co-occurrence analysis of ion exchange using VOS Viewer.
Figure 10
Figure 10
The mechanism of fluoride removal from aquatic environments using ion-exchange techniques [79].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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