Equine Musculoskeletal Pathologies: Clinical Approaches and Therapeutical Perspectives-A Review

Abstract

Musculoskeletal injuries such as equine osteoarthritis, osteoarticular defects, tendonitis/desmitis, and muscular disorders are prevalent among sport horses, with a fair prognosis for returning to exercise or previous performance levels. The field of equine medicine has witnessed rapid and fruitful development, resulting in a diverse range of therapeutic options for musculoskeletal problems. Staying abreast of these advancements can be challenging, prompting the need for a comprehensive review of commonly used and recent treatments. The aim is to compile current therapeutic options for managing these injuries, spanning from simple to complex physiotherapy techniques, conservative treatments including steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hyaluronic acid, polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, pentosan polysulfate, and polyacrylamides, to promising regenerative therapies such as hemoderivatives and stem cell-based therapies. Each therapeutic modality is scrutinized for its benefits, limitations, and potential synergistic actions to facilitate their most effective application for the intended healing/regeneration of the injured tissue/organ and subsequent patient recovery. While stem cell-based therapies have emerged as particularly promising for equine musculoskeletal injuries, a multidisciplinary approach is underscored throughout the discussion, emphasizing the importance of considering various therapeutic modalities in tandem.

Keywords: conservative therapies; equine; hemoderivatives; musculoskeletal; osteoarthritis; physiotherapy; regenerative therapies; sports medicine; stem cell; tendinitis.

Figure 1

Secretome constitution. The secretome encompasses a varied collection of soluble and non-soluble factors. Soluble factors include cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Non-soluble factors include extracellular vesicles (exosomes, apoptotic bodies, and microvesicles) [223].