Innovative Applications of Tenebrio molitor Larvae in the Production of Sustainable Meat Sausages: Quality and Safety Aspects

Abstract

With the world's population continuing to grow, ensuring sustainable protein sources for everyone is becoming increasingly challenging. Despite meat being considered unsustainable, people find it challenging to abstain from consuming it. However, one solution to this dilemma could be the incorporation of mealworms into conventional meat products, i.e., sausages. The incorporation of mealworms into sausage formulations appears to shift the fatty acid profile towards higher levels of monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly omega-3s, potentially enhancing the nutritional value and offering health benefits. Therefore, our study aimed to improve the nutritional value and safety parameters of traditional sausages by enriching them with the flour of mealworm larvae. For this purpose, the larvae were reared on a sustainable substrate with brewery by-products, brewer's yeast, and carrots. They were used frozen and freeze-dried in sausage recipes, replacing pork in different proportions. The analysis of the product's chemical safety parameters (biogenic amines, nitrates and nitrites, volatile fatty acids (FA), and peroxide) and nutritional value (including collagen, cholesterol, amino acids, FA, and hydroxyproline) was carried out in an accredited laboratory. The results of our study have demonstrated that the incorporation of mealworms into sausages, particularly through freeze-drying, increased fat content and enhanced the profile of FA, including omega-3s while reducing protein and cholesterol levels, and altering collagen content, suggesting improved nutritional value and potential health benefits without compromising the safety of the product. Therefore, we are highlighting that the addition of mealworms influences the quality of amino acids positively and maintains biogenic amine levels within safe limits, alongside a negligible impact on nitrates and nitrites and a reduction in peroxide values. These findings indicate an overall improvement in sausage quality and safety without compromising safety.

Keywords: amino acids; biogenic amines; by-products; fatty acids; nitrate; nitrite; peroxides; volatile fatty acids.

Figure 1

Volatile FA content, average ± standard deviation, n = 3. a,b,c,d—means marked with different letters differed statistically significantly (p < 0.05, Bonferroni criterion); SC—control sample (lean pork + back fat + ice + salt + pepper); SD10—sausages with lyophilized mealworms (lean pork + back fat + 10% mealworms + ice + salt + pepper); SD20—sausages with lyophilized mealworms (lean pork + back fat + 20% mealworms + ice + salt + pepper); SD30—sausages with lyophilized mealworms (lean pork + back fat + 30% mealworms + ice + salt + pepper); SF10—sausages with dried mealworms (lean pork + back fat + 10% mealworms + ice + salt + pepper); SF20—sausages with dried mealworms (lean pork + back fat + 20% mealworms + ice + salt + pepper); SF30—sausages with dried mealworms (lean pork + back fat + 30% mealworms + ice + salt + pepper).

Figure 2

Peroxide value, average ± standard deviation, n = 3. a,b,c—means marked with different letters differed statistically significantly (p < 0.05, Bonferroni criterion); SC—control sample (lean pork + back fat + ice + salt + pepper); SC—control sample (lean pork + back fat + ice + salt + pepper); SD10—sausages with lyophilized mealworms (lean pork + back fat + 10% mealworms + ice + salt + pepper); SD20—sausages with lyophilized mealworms (lean pork + back fat + 20% mealworms + ice + salt + pepper); SD30—sausages with lyophilized mealworms (lean pork + back fat + 30% mealworms + ice + salt + pepper); SF10—sausages with dried mealworms (lean pork + back fat + 10% mealworms + ice + salt + pepper); SF20—sausages with dried mealworms (lean pork + back fat + 20% mealworms + ice + salt + pepper); SF30—sausages with dried mealworms (lean pork + back fat + 30% mealworms + ice + salt + pepper).