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Review
. 2024 Apr 23;12(5):932.
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12050932.

lncRNA Biomarkers of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Markéta Pokorná  1 , Marie Černá  1 , Stergios Boussios  2   3   4   5   6 , Saak V Ovsepian  7   8 , Valerie Bríd O'Leary  1
Affiliations
Review

lncRNA Biomarkers of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Markéta Pokorná et al. Biomedicines. .

Abstract

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA molecules of 200 nucleotides or more in length that are not translated into proteins. Their expression is tissue-specific, with the vast majority involved in the regulation of cellular processes and functions. Many human diseases, including cancer, have been shown to be associated with deregulated lncRNAs, rendering them potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for differential diagnosis. The expression of lncRNAs in the nervous system varies in different cell types, implicated in mechanisms of neurons and glia, with effects on the development and functioning of the brain. Reports have also shown a link between changes in lncRNA molecules and the etiopathogenesis of brain neoplasia, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is an aggressive variant of brain cancer with an unfavourable prognosis and a median survival of 14-16 months. It is considered a brain-specific disease with the highly invasive malignant cells spreading throughout the neural tissue, impeding the complete resection, and leading to post-surgery recurrences, which are the prime cause of mortality. The early diagnosis of GBM could improve the treatment and extend survival, with the lncRNA profiling of biological fluids promising the detection of neoplastic changes at their initial stages and more effective therapeutic interventions. This review presents a systematic overview of GBM-associated deregulation of lncRNAs with a focus on lncRNA fingerprints in patients' blood.

Keywords: AC016405.3; ADAMTs9-AS2; AGAP2-AS1; AHIF; ANRIL; CASC2; CASC7; CASC9; CCND2-AS1; CRNDE; DCST1-AS1; DGCR5; DLEU1-AS1; ECONEXIN; FAM66C; GAS5; H19; HMMR-AS1; HOTAIR; HOTAIRM1; HOTTIP; HOXA-AS2; HOXB13-1; HULC; KTN1-AS1; LINC-ROR; LINC00461; LINC00467; LINC00565; LINC00641; LINC01393; LINC01426; LINC01446; LINC01494; LINC01503; LINC01711; LINC02283; MAFG-DT; MALAT1; MATN1-AS1; MDC1-AS; MEG3; MIAT; MIR210HG; MNX1-AS1; NCK1-AS1; NEAT1; PART1; PARTICLE; PCA1; PCAT1; PVT1; RBPMS-AS1; RPSAP52; RUNX1-IT1; SAMMSON; SOX2-OT; TALNEC2; TP73-AS1; TSLC1-AS1; TUG1; TUNAR; TUSC7; UCA1; XIST; ZBED3-AS1; ZEB1-AS1; biomarker; blood; glioblastoma multiforme; glioma; liquid biopsy; lnc-TALC; lncRNA; lncRNA-ATB; noncoding RNA; plasma; serum.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of coding and noncoding genes in the human genome according to ENCODE Release version 45 [6]. lncRNA—long noncoding RNA; sncRNA—small noncoding RNA.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Signal—lncRNAs are transcribed at a specific site at a specific time. Their transcription is cell type-specific, inducing an active signalling event. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 21 March 2024).
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) Decoy—transcripts of lncRNAs serve as decoys for target proteins. (b) Sponge—specific lncRNAs act as sponges for some miRNAs. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 21 March 2024).
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) Decoy—transcripts of lncRNAs serve as decoys for target proteins. (b) Sponge—specific lncRNAs act as sponges for some miRNAs. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 21 March 2024).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Guides—lncRNA molecules control the placement of ribonucleoprotein complexes at specific target sites. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 21 March 2024).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Scaffolds—lncRNA is a scaffold for other molecules that can bind to a given lncRNA to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 21 March 2024).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Suggested lncRNA signatures for glioblastoma multiforme and clinical application. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 21 March 2024).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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