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. 2024 May 11;25(10):5255.
doi: 10.3390/ijms25105255.

Silver Nanoparticles Encapped by Dihydromyricetin: Optimization of Green Synthesis, Characterization, Toxicity, and Anti-MRSA Infection Activities for Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Ling-Xiao Qi  1   2 , Xue-Ting Wang  1 , Jin-Ping Huang  1 , Ting-Yan Yue  1 , Yun-Shu Lu  1   2 , Dong-Mei San  1 , Yu-Xun Xu  1   2 , Ya-Tong Han  1   2 , Xiang-Yi Guo  1   2 , Wei-Dong Xie  1 , Yan-Xia Zhou  1
Affiliations

Silver Nanoparticles Encapped by Dihydromyricetin: Optimization of Green Synthesis, Characterization, Toxicity, and Anti-MRSA Infection Activities for Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Ling-Xiao Qi et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

To achieve the environmentally friendly and rapid green synthesis of efficient and stable AgNPs for drug-resistant bacterial infection, this study optimized the green synthesis process of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Dihydromyricetin (DMY). Then, we assessed the impact of AgNPs on zebrafish embryo development, as well as their therapeutic efficacy on zebrafish infected with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light-scattering (DLS) analyses revealed that AgNPs possessed an average size of 23.6 nm, a polymer dispersity index (PDI) of 0.197 ± 0.0196, and a zeta potential of -18.1 ± 1.18 mV. Compared to other published green synthesis products, the optimized DMY-AgNPs exhibited smaller sizes, narrower size distributions, and enhanced stability. Furthermore, the minimum concentration of DMY-AgNPs required to affect zebrafish hatching and survival was determined to be 25.0 μg/mL, indicating the low toxicity of DMY-AgNPs. Following a 5-day feeding regimen with DMY-AgNP-containing food, significant improvements were observed in the recovery of the gills, intestines, and livers in MRSA-infected zebrafish. These results suggested that optimized DMY-AgNPs hold promise for application in aquacultures and offer potential for further clinical use against drug-resistant bacteria.

Keywords: DMY-AgNPs; MRSA; optimization; zebrafish.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The lab photograph of (A) DMY solution, (B) DMY solution mixed with NaOH solution and (C) DMY-AgNPs (prepared under the optimal conditions). UV-vis spectra for DMY-AgNPs synthesized in different (D) DMY volume, (E) pH, (F) temperature and (G) time.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A–C) TEM images of DMY-AgNPs. (D) The size distribution histogram of DMY-AgNPs. (E) The size of DMY-AgNPs. (F) Zeta potential values of DMY-AgNPs. (G) The storage stability of DMY-AgNPs. (H) FTIR spectra for DMY and DMY-AgNPs. (I) XRD pattern of DMY-AgNPs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Circle of inhibition tests for DMY-AgNPs in (A) S. aureus and (B) MRSA.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A) Changes in hatching rate of zebrafish embryos exposed to DMY-AgNPs. Changes in (B) survival rate, (C) heart rate, (D) body length, and (E) teratogenesis of 96 hpf zebrafish embryos exposed to DMY-AgNPs (n = 6. *** p < 0.001. ‘ns’ means no significant difference). (F) Developmental status of zebrafish in different periods.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Intestines of (A) healthy, (B) wounded, (C) MRSA-infected, (D) 0.0156 μg/g DMY-AgNP-treated, (E) 0.0312 μg/g DMY-AgNP-treated, and (F) 0.0625 μg/g DMY-AgNP-treated adult zebrafish (black arrows represent cell shedding). Gills of (G) healthy, (H) wounded, (I) MRSA-infected, (J) 0.0156 μg/g DMY-AgNP-treated, (K) 0.0312 μg/g DMY-AgNP-treated, and (L) 0.0625 μg/g DMY-AgNP-treated adult zebrafish (black arrows represent loss of secondary lamellae). Livers of (M) healthy, (N) wounded, (O) MRSA-infected, (P) 0.0156 μg/g DMY-AgNP-treated, (Q) 0.0312 μg/g DMY-AgNP-treated, and (R) 0.0625 μg/g DMY-AgNP-treated adult zebrafish (red arrows represent congestion).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Schematic diagram of the green synthesis of AgNPs using DMY to ensure optimization, characterization, toxicity, and anti-MRSA-infection for zebrafish.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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