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Review
. 2024 May 10;29(10):2232.
doi: 10.3390/molecules29102232.

N-Heterocycles as Promising Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Overview

Gulraiz Ahmad  1 , Maria Sohail  1 , Muhammad Bilal  2 , Nasir Rasool  1 , Muhammad Usman Qamar  3   4   5 , Codrut Ciurea  6 , Luigi Geo Marceanu  6 , Catalin Misarca  6
Affiliations
Review

N-Heterocycles as Promising Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Overview

Gulraiz Ahmad et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Viruses are a real threat to every organism at any stage of life leading to extensive infections and casualties. N-heterocycles can affect the viral life cycle at many points, including viral entrance into host cells, viral genome replication, and the production of novel viral species. Certain N-heterocycles can also stimulate the host's immune system, producing antiviral cytokines and chemokines that can stop the reproduction of viruses. This review focused on recent five- or six-membered synthetic N-heterocyclic molecules showing antiviral activity through SAR analyses. The review will assist in identifying robust scaffolds that might be utilized to create effective antiviral drugs with either no or few side effects.

Keywords: N-heterocycles; antiviral activity; antiviral drugs; viral diseases.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
FDA-approved N-heterocyclic drugs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Pyrazole derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Pyrazole derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Imidazole derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Thiazole and Thiazolidinone derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Thiadiazole and Triazole derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Oxazole and Oxadiazole derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Pyrrole, Pyrrolidine, and Indole derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Isatin and Indolizidine derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Imidazopyrimidine derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Pyrimidine derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Pyrimidine derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Triazine, Quinazoline, and Quinazolin-ones derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Pyrazine and Quinoxaline derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Piperazine and Piperidine derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Pyridine and Quinoline derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Miscellaneous N-heterocyclic derivatives with antiviral activity.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Miscellaneous N-heterocyclic derivatives with antiviral activity.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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