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. 2024 May 16;14(5):634.
doi: 10.3390/life14050634.

Association of Metallic and Nonmetallic Elements with Fibrin Clot Properties and Ischemic Stroke

Hieronim Jakubowski  1   2 , Marta Sikora  3 , Ewa Bretes  2 , Joanna Perła-Kaján  2 , Olga Utyro  2 , Izabela Wojtasz  4 , Radosław Kaźmierski  5   6 , Marcin Frankowski  7 , Anetta Zioła-Frankowska  7
Affiliations

Association of Metallic and Nonmetallic Elements with Fibrin Clot Properties and Ischemic Stroke

Hieronim Jakubowski et al. Life (Basel). .

Abstract

Objectives-Metallic elements and fibrin clot properties have been linked to stroke. We examined metallic and nonmetallic elements, fibrin clot lysis time (CLT), and maximum absorbance (Absmax) in relation to ischemic stroke. Design-A case-control study of ischemic stroke patients vs. healthy individuals. Subjects and Methods-Plasma and serum were collected from 260 ischemic stroke patients (45.0% women; age, 68 ± 12 years) and 291 healthy controls (59.7% women; age, 50 ± 17 years). Fibrin CLT and Absmax were measured using a validated turbidimetric assay. Serum elements were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Data were analyzed by bivariate correlations and multiple or logistic regression. Results-In female stroke patients, copper, lithium, and aluminum were significantly lower compared with controls; in male stroke patients, potassium was lower, and beryllium was elevated. In female and male stroke patients, iron, zinc, nickel, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and silicon were significantly lower, while strontium was elevated. Positive correlations between fibrin clot properties and metals, observed in healthy controls, were lost in ischemic stroke patients. In multivariate regression analysis, fibrin CLT and/or Absmax was associated with zinc, calcium, potassium, beryllium, and silicon in stroke patients and with sodium, potassium, beryllium, and aluminum in controls. In logistic regression analysis, stroke was independently associated with lithium, nickel, beryllium, strontium, boron, and silicon and with sodium, potassium, calcium, and aluminum but not with fibrin CLT/Absmax. Conclusions-Various elements were associated with fibrin clot properties and the risk of ischemic stroke. Lithium, sodium, calcium, and aluminum abrogated the association of fibrin clot properties with ischemic stroke.

Keywords: fibrin clot properties; ischemic stroke; metals; nonmetals.

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Conflict of interest statement

Author I.W. is employed by the company Medicover, Poznań, Poland. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Relationships between fibrin CLT and Absmax in healthy controls (A,C,E) and ischemic stroke patients (B,D,F). Relationships for total (A,B) and stratified by sex cohorts are shown: male (C,D); female (E,F).
Figure 1
Figure 1
Relationships between fibrin CLT and Absmax in healthy controls (A,C,E) and ischemic stroke patients (B,D,F). Relationships for total (A,B) and stratified by sex cohorts are shown: male (C,D); female (E,F).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Pearsons’s correlations between plasma metallic elements and fibrin clot properties in healthy controls and stroke patients. Potassium (A–D), aluminum (E–H), and copper (I–L). CLT (A,C,E,G,I,K) and Absmax (B,D,F,H,J,L). Healthy controls (A,B,E,F,I,J) and stroke patients (C,D,G,H,K,L).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Pearsons’s correlations between plasma metallic elements and fibrin clot properties in healthy controls and stroke patients. Potassium (A–D), aluminum (E–H), and copper (I–L). CLT (A,C,E,G,I,K) and Absmax (B,D,F,H,J,L). Healthy controls (A,B,E,F,I,J) and stroke patients (C,D,G,H,K,L).
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