Insights and Advancements in Periodontal Tissue Engineering and Bone Regeneration

Abstract

The regeneration of periodontal bone defects continues to be an essential therapeutic concern in dental biomaterials. Numerous biomaterials have been utilized in this sector so far. However, the immune response and vascularity in defect regions may be disregarded when evaluating the effectiveness of biomaterials for bone repair. Among several regenerative treatments, the most recent technique of in situ tissue engineering stands out for its ability to replicate endogenous restorative processes by combining scaffold with particular growth factors. Regenerative medicine solutions that combine biomaterials/scaffolds, cells, and bioactive substances have attracted significant interest, particularly for bone repair and regeneration. Dental stem cells (DSCs) share the same progenitor and immunomodulatory properties as other types of MSCs, and because they are easily isolable, they are regarded as desirable therapeutic agents in regenerative dentistry. Recent research has demonstrated that DSCs sown on newly designed synthetic bio-material scaffolds preserve their proliferative capacity while exhibiting increased differentiation and immuno-suppressive capabilities. As researchers discovered how short peptide sequences modify the adhesion and proliferative capacities of scaffolds by activating or inhibiting conventional osteogenic pathways, the scaffolds became more effective at priming MSCs. In this review, the many components of tissue engineering applied to bone engineering will be examined, and the impact of biomaterials on periodontal regeneration and bone cellular biology/molecular genetics will be addressed and updated.

Keywords: biomaterials; bone regeneration; dentistry; growth factors; periodontal regeneration; periodontitis; stem cell therapy; tissue engineering.

Figure 1

Schematic illustration of lymphocytes, neutrophils, osteoblasts, macrophages, osteoclasts, and proinflammatory cytokines identified in the process of bone resorption. Created by BioRender.com.

Figure 2

Schematic illustration of the anatomy of periodontal tissues, periodontal defect, scaffolds of tissue engineering, and drug delivery system. Created by BioRender.com.

Figure 3

Schematic image of human DSCs. Abbreviations: DFPCs—dental follicle progenitor cells; PDLSCs—periodontal ligament stem cells; SCAP—stem cells from apical papilla; DPSCs—dental pulp stem cells; SHED—stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth. Created by BioRender.com.