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. 2024 Apr 27;16(5):692.
doi: 10.3390/v16050692.

Influenza Virus Genomic Surveillance, Arizona, USA, 2023-2024

Rabia Maqsood  1 , Matthew F Smith  1 , LaRinda A Holland  1 , Regan A Sullins  1 , Steven C Holland  1 , Michelle Tan  2 , Gabrielle M Hernandez Barrera  2 , Alexis W Thomas  2 , Mario Islas  3 , Joanna L Kramer  4 , Lora Nordstrom  5 , Mary Mulrow  5 , Michael White  5 , Vel Murugan  2 , Efrem S Lim  1   6   7
Affiliations

Influenza Virus Genomic Surveillance, Arizona, USA, 2023-2024

Rabia Maqsood et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Influenza viruses are constantly evolving and are therefore monitored worldwide in the hope to reduce the burden of disease by annual updates to vaccine recommendations. We conducted genomic sequencing of 110 influenza A and 30 influenza B viruses from specimens collected between October 2023 and February 2024 in Arizona, USA. We identified mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) antigenic sites as well as the neuraminidase (NA) gene in our samples. We also found no unique HA and NA mutations in vaccinated yet influenza-infected individuals. Real-time genomic sequencing surveillance is important to ensure influenza vaccine effectiveness.

Keywords: Arizona; genomic surveillance; influenza virus.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Genomic sequencing analysis of influenza viruses in Arizona, USA, 2023–2024. (A) Five-week moving average of laboratory-confirmed influenza cases in Arizona reported by the Arizona Department of Health Services, and influenza genome sequence counts by subtype/clade obtained for specimens used in this study. CDC-established MMWR weeks are standardized numeric labels assigned to weeks that allow for aggregated reporting of disease incidence at the national level. MMWR weeks always begin on a Sunday, and the first MMWR week is the first week of the year which has at least 4 days in a calendar year. Phylogenies of (B) influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, (C) A(H3N2), and (D) B/Victoria viruses HA gene are shown. Arizona sequences from this study are indicated.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Structure of influenza HA proteins, and locations of important residues. Mutations predicted by FluSurver as interest levels 2 and 3 (red), and antigenic sites (shaded color regions) were mapped to representative crystal structures for (A) A(H1N1)pdm09, (B) A(H3N2), and (C) B/Victoria proteins (PDB: 7KNA, 4WE8, 4FQM).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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