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Review
. 2024 Aug;47(4):102185.
doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102185. Epub 2024 May 24.

BCLA CLEAR presbyopia: Mechanism and optics

Leon N Davies  1 , Sayantan Biswas  2 , Mark Bullimore  3 , Fiona Cruickshank  4 , Jose J Estevez  5 , Safal Khanal  6 , Pete Kollbaum  7 , Remy Marcotte-Collard  8 , Giancarlo Montani  9 , Sotiris Plainis  10 , Kathryn Richdale  11 , Patrick Simard  8 , James S Wolffsohn  2
Affiliations
Free article
Review

BCLA CLEAR presbyopia: Mechanism and optics

Leon N Davies et al. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2024 Aug.
Free article

Abstract

With over a billion adults worldwide currently affected, presbyopia remains a ubiquitous, global problem. Despite over a century of study, the precise mechanism of ocular accommodation and presbyopia progression remains a topic of debate. Accordingly, this narrative review outlines the lenticular and extralenticular components of accommodation together with the impact of age on the accommodative apparatus, neural control of accommodation, models of accommodation, the impact of presbyopia on retinal image quality, and both historic and contemporary theories of presbyopia.

Keywords: Accommodation; Amplitude of accommodation; Ciliary muscle; Crystalline lens; Depth of focus; Presbyopia; Zonules.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest Leon Davies provides consultancy to Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Mark Bullimore provides consultancy to Alcon Research, Bruno Vision Care, CooperVision, EssilorLuxottica, Euclid Vision, Eyenovia, Genentech, Johnson & Johnson, Lentechs, Novartis, Paribas, Sydnexis, Vyluma, and has stock ownership in Ridgevue Publishing and Ridgevue Vision and has received honoraria from Broadcast Med, CooperVision, EssilorLuxottica, Euclid Vision, Johnson & Johnson, Oculus, TreeHouse Eyes and EssilorLuxottica. Safal Khanal has received honoraria from Pentavision LLC. Pete Kollbaum provides consultancy to EssilorLuxottica and has had grant funding from CooperVision and EssilorLuxottica. Remy Marcotte-Collard owns the related patents: US Provisional Patent Application No. 62/590,388, PCT Patent Application No. PCT/IB2018/059263 US patent US11493782B2 China patent CNZL201880076088.1 Hong-Kong patent HK40032875 South Korea patent (Notice of allowance granted to KR2020-7017038A application) Patent applications in: Australia (AU2018372781A1), Europe (EP3713529A4), Singapore (SG11202004409PA) and Canada (CA3082737A1). Kathryn Richdale is an employee and has stock ownership of CooperVision. Patrick Simard has patents related to soft contact lenses for myopia control and presbyopia. James S. Wolffsohn has received grant funding from Alcon and Rayner, is a paid consultant for Alcon, Atia Vision and Bausch + Lomb, and has stock ownership in Wolffsohn Research Ltd. Sayantan Biswas, Fiona Cruickshank, Jose J. Estevez, Giancarlo Montani and Sotiris Plainis have declared no financial interests.

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