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. 2025 Mar;203(3):1241-1250.
doi: 10.1007/s12011-024-04243-z. Epub 2024 May 27.

Effects of Cadmium and Lead Co-exposure on Sleep Status in Rural Areas Northwestern China

Min Huang #  1   2 , Honglong Zhang #  1 , Haiping Wang  1   3 , Jingping Niu  4 , Bin Luo  4 , Gang Wu  2 , Xun Li  1   3   5 , Jun Yan  6   7   8
Affiliations

Effects of Cadmium and Lead Co-exposure on Sleep Status in Rural Areas Northwestern China

Min Huang et al. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2025 Mar.

Abstract

In this study, we explored how cadmium and lead co-exposure affects sleep status among residents of a polluted area and nature reserve in rural northwestern China. Cadmium and lead levels were measured using blood samples, and sleep status was evaluated using sleep questionnaires, with the main sleep indicators including sleep duration, sleep quality, bedtime, and staying up. Furthermore, cadmium-lead co-exposure levels were divided into three groups: high exposure, medium exposure, and low exposure. Subjects in the contaminated area had significantly higher exposure levels (p < 0.001) and more negative sleep indicators (p < 0.01). Significant differences were found for all four sleep indicators in the high exposure group compared to the low exposure group (p < 0.01). Moreover, the overall evaluation of sleep status with high cadmium-lead co-exposure had a negative impact. Our data suggest that cadmium-lead co-exposure has a negative effect on sleep status and may have a synergistic effect on sleep.

Keywords: Cadmium; Co-exposure; Environmental pollution; Heavy metal; Lead; Sleep.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical Approval: The protocol of this study was approved by the First Hospital of Lanzhou University Medical Ethics Committee (research ethics code: LDYYLL2015-0027, LDYYLL2020-103). Informed Consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The informed consent was written. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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