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. 2024 May 28;14(1):12173.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62772-y.

Association between atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease score and skin carotenoid levels estimated via refraction spectroscopy in the Japanese population: a cross-sectional study

Akira Obana  1   2 , Mieko Nakamura  3 , Ayako Miura  4 , Miho Nozue  4 , Shigeki Muto  5 , Ryo Asaoka  6
Affiliations

Association between atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease score and skin carotenoid levels estimated via refraction spectroscopy in the Japanese population: a cross-sectional study

Akira Obana et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Carotenoids play a role in preventing and impeding the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs) through their anti-oxidative effects. This study evaluated associations between ASCVD risk and skin carotenoid (SC) levels, reflecting dietary carotenoid intake. Participants' ASCVD risk was assessed using the Hisayama ASCVD risk prediction model, and SC levels were measured through a reflection spectroscope (Veggie Meter). The associations between high ASCVD risk and SC levels were analyzed using logistic regression analysis and a restricted cubic spline (RCS) model. A total of 1130 men and women (mean age: 56 years) from participants who underwent a health examination in Seirei Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Medicine in 2019 and 2022 were analyzed. Of these, 4.6% had moderate or high ASCVD risk. Mean SC values were 236, 315, 376, 447, and 606 in quintile Q1 to Q5, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of SC quintile for moderate- or high-risk ASCVD was 0.24 (0.12-0.51) in Q5 (495 ≤), 0.42 (0.23-0.77) in Q4, 0.50 (0.29-0.88) in Q3, and 0.68 (0.41-1.12) in Q2 compared to Q1 (< 281). High SC values continuously showed non-linear inverse association with moderate- or high-risk for ASCVD in Japanese adults. Non-invasive SC measurements may be a good indicator for recommending carotenoids to prevent cardiovascular disease.

Keywords: Cardiovascular disease risk; Health examination participants; Japanese; Logistic regression analysis; Skin carotenoids; Veggie meter.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of the participants.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of Hisayama ASCVD Risk Score and mean 10-year probability of developing an ASCVD event using the score. Left axis is the frequency of the Hisayama ASCVD Risk Score. Right axis is the mean 10-year probability of developing an ASCVD event obtained using multivariable formula of Hisayama ASCVD Risk Prediction Model.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Association between moderate or high risk for ASCVD and skin carotenoid values. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval. Skin carotenoid was estimated via refraction spectroscopy, Veggie Meter. Moderate or high risk for ASCVD was defined as 15 or more points on the Hisayama ASCVD Risk Score.
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