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. 2024 May 28;23(1):166.
doi: 10.1186/s12936-024-04984-1.

Forest cover percentage drives the peak biting time of Nyssorhynchus darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Brazilian Amazon

Leonardo Suveges Moreira Chaves  1 , Eduardo Sterlino Bergo  2 , Sara A Bickersmith  3 , Gabriel Z Laporta  4 , Jan E Conn  3   5 , Maria Anice Mureb Sallum  6
Affiliations

Forest cover percentage drives the peak biting time of Nyssorhynchus darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Brazilian Amazon

Leonardo Suveges Moreira Chaves et al. Malar J. .

Abstract

Background: Deforestation is an important driver of malaria dynamics, with a relevant impact on mosquito ecology, including larval habitat availability, blood-feeding behaviour, and peak biting time. The latter is one of several entomological metrics to evaluate vectorial capacity and effectiveness of disease control. This study aimed to test the effect of forest cover percentage on the peak biting time of Plasmodium-uninfected and infected Nyssorhynchus darlingi females.

Methods: Mosquitoes were captured utilizing human landing catch (HLC) in the peridomestic habitat in field collections carried out in the wet, wet-dry transition, and dry seasons from 2014 to 2017 in areas with active malaria transmission in Amazonian Brazil. The study locations were in rural settlements in areas with the mean annual malaria parasite incidence (Annual Parasite Incidence, API ≥ 30). All Ny. darlingi females were tested for Plasmodium spp. infection using real time PCR technique. Forest cover percentage was calculated for each collection site using QGIS v. 2.8 and was categorized in three distinct deforestation scenarios: (1) degraded, < 30% forest cover, (2) intermediate, 30-70% forest cover, and (3) preserved, > 70% forest cover.

Results: The highest number of uninfected female Ny. darlingi was found in degraded landscape-sites with forest cover < 30% in any peak biting time between 18:00 and 0:00. Partially degraded landscape-sites, with (30-70%) forest cover, showed the highest number of vivax-infected females, with a peak biting time of 21:00-23:00. The number of P. falciparum-infected mosquitoes was highest in preserved sites with > 70% forest cover, a peak biting at 19:00-20:00, and in sites with 30-70% forest cover at 22:00-23:00.

Conclusions: Results of this study show empirically that degraded landscapes favour uninfected Ny. darlingi with a peak biting time at dusk (18:00-19:00), whereas partially degraded landscapes affect the behaviour of Plasmodium-infected Ny. darlingi by shifting its peak biting time towards hours after dark (21:00-23:00). In preserved sites, Plasmodium-infected Ny. darlingi bite around dusk (18:00-19:00) and shortly after (19:00-20:00).

Keywords: Deforestation; Entomological surveillance; Land use change; Malaria; Mosquito behavior.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Field collection sites in 12 municipalities in the states of Acre, Amazonas, Pará and Rondônia, Brazil. A South America, B zoom-in of the studied area, C zoom-in of the municipalities of the Jurua River Valley
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
HOF multi-model selection scheme showing the fitted curve to Nyssorhynchus darlingi females sampled by human landing catch (HLC) at 18:00–19:00, according to infection status, along a gradient of forest cover (0–100%) across the 80 landscape sites
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
HOF multi-model selection scheme showing the fitted curve to Nyssorhynchus darlingi females sampled by human landing catch (HLC) at 19:00–20:00 according to infection status along a gradient of forest cover (0–100%) at landscape sites
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
HOF multi-model selection scheme showing the fitted curve to Nyssorhynchus darlingi females sampled by human landing catch (HLC) at 20:00–21:00 according to infection status along a gradient of forest cover (0–100%) in landscape sites
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
HOF multi-model selection scheme showing the fitted curve to Nyssorhynchus darlingi females sampled by human landing catch (HLC) at 21:00–22:00 according to infection status along a gradient of forest cover (0–100%) in landscape sites
Figure. 6
Figure. 6
HOF multi-model selection scheme showing the fitted curve to Nyssorhynchus darlingi females sampled by human landing catch at 22:00–23:00 according to infection status along a gradient of forest cover (0–100%) in landscape sites
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
HOF multi-model selection scheme showing the fitted curve to Nyssorhynchus darlingi females sampled by human landing catch at 23:00–00:00 according to infection status along a gradient of forest cover (0–100%) in landscape sites
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