Whole Genome Linkage and Association Analyses Identify DLG Associated Protein-1 as a Novel Positional and Biological Candidate Gene for Muscle Strength: The Long Life Family Study

Abstract

Background: Grip strength is a robust indicator of overall health, is moderately heritable, and predicts longevity in older adults.

Methods: Using genome-wide linkage analysis, we identified a novel locus on chromosome 18p (mega-basepair region: 3.4-4.0) linked to grip strength in 3 755 individuals from 582 families aged 64 ± 12 years (range 30-110 years; 55% women). There were 26 families that contributed to the linkage peak (cumulative logarithm of the odds [LOD] score = 10.94), with 6 families (119 individuals) accounting for most of the linkage signal (LOD = 6.4). In these 6 families, using whole genome sequencing data, we performed association analyses between the 7 312 single nucleotide (SNVs) and insertion deletion (INDELs) variants in the linkage region and grip strength. Models were adjusted for age, age2, sex, height, field center, and population substructure.

Results: We found significant associations between genetic variants (8 SNVs and 4 INDELs, p < 5 × 10-5) in the Disks Large-associated Protein 1 (DLGAP1) gene and grip strength. Haplotypes constructed using these variants explained up to 98.1% of the LOD score. Finally, RNAseq data showed that these variants were significantly associated with the expression of nearby Myosin Light Chain 12A (MYL12A), Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes Flexible Hinge Domain Containing 1 (SMCHD1), Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Band 4.1 Like 3 (EPB41L3) genes (p < .0004).

Conclusions: The DLGAP1 gene plays an important role in the postsynaptic density of neurons; thus, it is both a novel positional and biological candidate gene for follow-up studies aimed at uncovering genetic determinants of muscle strength.

Keywords: Epidemiology; Genetics; Muscle strength; Nerve; RNA.

Figure 1.

We identified a genome-wide significant QTL (LOD = 3.18) for baseline grip strength on chromosome 18p11.31, mega-basepair region: chr18: 3.4–4.0. A subset of 26 families had positive LOD scores and contributed to this linkage peak (HLOD = 10.94, mega-basepair region: chr18: 3.4–4.0). HLOD = heterogeneity logarithm of odds; LOD = logarithm of odds; SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism.