Protein kinase SnRK2.6 phosphorylates transcription factor bHLH3 to regulate anthocyanin homeostasis during strawberry fruit ripening

Abstract

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a model plant for studying non-climacteric fruit ripening regulated by abscisic acid (ABA); however, the signaling of ABA in the regulation of fruit coloration is not fully understood. In this study, we identified the transcription factor BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 3 (bHLH3) as being key to fruit coloration via yeast two-hybrid library screening using the bait SUCROSE NONFERMENTING 1 (SNF1)-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 2 (SnRK2.6), which is a core ABA signaling component that negatively regulates ripening. The interaction was also confirmed by firefly luciferase complementation assays and pull-down assays. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis confirmed that bHLH3 is expressed ubiquitously in strawberry tissues, and it is expressed stably during fruit development. Overexpression and RNAi of both bHLH3 and SnRK2.6 demonstrated that bHLH3 and SnRK2.6 promote and inhibit strawberry fruit coloration, respectively. Using EMSAs, we showed that bHLH3 promotes the expression of UDP-GLUCOSE: FLAVONOL-O-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE (UFGT), a key gene for anthocyanin biosynthesis, by directly binding to its promoter. We determined that SnRK2.6 can phosphorylate bHLH3 and that this inhibits its binding to the UFGT promoter, consequently suppressing expression. Altogether, we propose that increased ABA content during strawberry fruit ripening leads to decreased expression of SnRK2.6, which in turn releases the phosphorylation of bHLH3 and thereby enhances UFGT expression, ultimately promoting the coloration of the fruit.

Keywords: Fragaria × ananassa; ABA; SnRK2.6; UFGT; anthocyanin; bHLH3; color development; fruit ripening; strawberry.