Diagnostic efficacy of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1 for early detection of acute kidney injury in dogs with leptospirosis or babesiosis

Abstract

This study evaluates the diagnostic efficacy of urinary biomarkers, Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (uNGAL), and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (uKIM-1), in identifying Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in dogs affected with leptospirosis or babesiosis. Acute kidney injury was diagnosed based on the increase in serum creatinine levels above 0.3 mg/dL within 48 h and dogs were categorized according to AKI grades based on International Renal Interest Society guidelines. Traditional biomarkers (serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen) and novel biomarkers like urinary NGAL and urinary KIM-1 levels were measured and compared to concentrations obtained in control dogs. Statistical analysis assessed significant differences (P < 0.01) across AKI grades, specifically noting elevated urinary NGAL and KIM-1 in IRIS grade I AKI (P < 0.001). The study highlights the diagnostic significance of urinary NGAL and KIM-1 as early indicators of renal damage, particularly valuable in non-azotemic AKI cases, offering promising markers for early AKI diagnosis in veterinary clinical settings. These biomarkers demonstrate clinical utility and underscore their potential for improving AKI management in veterinary medicine. Further validation studies involving larger cohorts and diverse etiologies of AKI are needed to confirm the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of urinary NGAL and KIM-1 in veterinary practice.

Keywords: Acute kidney injury; Babesiosis; Canine; KIM-1; Leptospirosis; NGAL.