A comprehensive review and advanced biomolecule-based therapies for osteoporosis

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of osteoporosis (OP) on a global scale is significantly elevated that causes life threatening issues. The potential of groundbreaking biomolecular therapeutics in the field of OP is highly encouraging. The administration of biomolecular agents has the potential to mitigate the process of bone demineralization while concurrently augmenting the regenerative capacity of bone tissue, thereby facilitating a personalized therapeutic approach. Biomolecules-based therapies showed promising results in term of bone mass protection and restoration in OP.

Aim of review: We summarized the recent biomolecular therapies with notable progress in clinical, demonstrating the potential to transform illness management. These treatments frequently utilize different biomolecule based strategies. Biomolecular therapeutics has a targeted character, which results in heightened specificity and less off-target effects, ultimately leading to increased patient outcomes. These aspects have the capacity to greatly enhance the management of OP, thus resulting in a major enhancement in the quality of life encountered by individuals affected by this condition.

Keywords: Biomolecules; Bone regeneration; Osteogenesis; Osteoporosis.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

The figure illustrates the major symptoms of osteoporosis. (figure created by biorender and freepik.com).

Fig. 2

Exploring Osteoporosis − Unveiling Risk Factors and Molecular Pathways. (A) Highlights pivotal risk elements impacting bone health, including heightened resorption, intensified osteoclastic activity, and diminished BMD. (B) describe the cellular and molecular intricacies, spotlighting key players (WNT16, WNT5A, OPG, and RANKL) in OP progression, (Figure created with biorender and https://www.freepik.com).

Fig. 3

Illuminating Therapeutic Approaches for OP Treatment. These agents facilitate the transformation of osteoporotic bone, promoting healing and vitality. They work by reducing inflammation, curbing bone resorption, and boosting markers of bone formation along with BMD (Figure created with biorender and https://www.freepik.com).

Fig. 4

Representative images of the various histological sections of the femur following staining with hematoxylin & eosin and Masson-Goldner Trichrome. A) Mice femurs with representative Runx2 immunostaining. Following PTH or OST-siRNA treatments, images reveal a high level of transcription factor positivity (brown stain) in the cells. B) The cortical femur's total and sclerostin-positive osteocytes. C) The information is the mean ± SEM of five separate mice (n = 5). The post hoc Dunn's test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used to determine statistical significance. Adapted with permission from Mora-Raimundo et al..

Fig. 5

Therapeutic effects of amino-calcium for OP models. Fig. 4A shows Micro-CT images along with analysis of femoral and shaft regions of Normal, OVX, calcium carbonate and amino-calcium groups. BV/TV % of the femoral head and shaft regions shows enhanced bone protection in the amino-calcium group. Fig. 4B shows microstructure protection and significant bone density in H&E staining. Adapted with permission from Ali et al..