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. 2024 May 29;14(1):12346.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62381-9.

Temporal and spatial trend analysis of all-cause depression burden based on Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study

Junjiao Liu  1 , Yueyang Liu  2 , Wenjun Ma  1 , Yan Tong  3 , Jianzhong Zheng  4
Affiliations

Temporal and spatial trend analysis of all-cause depression burden based on Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study

Junjiao Liu et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Depression has been reported as one of the most prevalent psychiatric illnesses globally. This study aimed to obtain information on the global burden of depression and its associated spatiotemporal variation, by exploring the correlation between the global burden of depression and the social development index (SDI) and associated risk factors. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease study from 1990 to 2019, we described the prevalence and burden of disease in 204 countries across 21 regions, including sex and age differences and the relationship between the global disease burden and SDI. The age-standardized rate and estimated annual percentage change were used to assess the global burden of depression. Individuals with documented depression globally ranged from 182,183,358 in 1990 to 290,185,742 in 2019, representing an increase of 0.59%. More patients experienced major depressive disorder than dysthymia. The incidence and disability-adjusted life years of depression were the highest in the 60-64 age group and much higher in females than in males, with this trend occurring across all ages. The age-standardized incidence and adjusted life-years-disability rates varied with different SDI levels. Relevant risk factors for depression were identified. National governments must support research to improve prevention and treatment interventions.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Temporal trend of global incidence (a) and DALYs (b) number of depressive disorders.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Age-standardized incidence rate (a) and age-standardized DALYs rate (b) trends of sex and age distribution.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The incident cases (a) and DALYs (b) of depression at a regional level. The left column in each group is case data in 1990 and the right column in 2019.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The global disease burden of depression for both sexes in 204 countries and territories. (a1) The ASIR of depression in 2019; (a2) the ASDR of depression in 2019; (b1) the relative change in incident cases of depression between 1990 and 2019; (b2) the relative change in DALYs number of depression between 1990 and 2019; (c1) the EAPC of depression ASIR from 1990 to 2019; (c2) the EAPC of depression ASDR from 1990 to 2019. ASIR age-standardized incidence rate, ASDR age-standardized DALYs rate, EAPC estimated annual percentage change (Image generated in R software version 4.2.3 (https://cran.r-project.org)).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The global disease burden of depression for both sexes in 204 countries and territories. (a1) The ASIR of depression in 2019; (a2) the ASDR of depression in 2019; (b1) the relative change in incident cases of depression between 1990 and 2019; (b2) the relative change in DALYs number of depression between 1990 and 2019; (c1) the EAPC of depression ASIR from 1990 to 2019; (c2) the EAPC of depression ASDR from 1990 to 2019. ASIR age-standardized incidence rate, ASDR age-standardized DALYs rate, EAPC estimated annual percentage change (Image generated in R software version 4.2.3 (https://cran.r-project.org)).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Age-standardized incidence rate (a) and age-standardized DALYs rate (b) for depression for 21GBD regions and 204 countries and territories (c,d) by Socio-demographic Index(SDI),1990–2019 (the black line indicates the correlation between all SDI regions and the incidence rate or DALY expected value).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Age-standardized incidence rate (a) and age-standardized DALYs rate (b) for depression for 21GBD regions and 204 countries and territories (c,d) by Socio-demographic Index(SDI),1990–2019 (the black line indicates the correlation between all SDI regions and the incidence rate or DALY expected value).
Figure 6
Figure 6
The EAPCs of depressive disorders at global, regional and national level. (a) The correlation between EAPC and age-standardized rate of depressive disorders incidence and (b) DALYs rate in 1990. (c,d) The correlation between EAPC and HDI in 2019. The circles represent countries that were available on HDI data. The size of circle is increased with the cases of depressive disorders cases. The ρ indices and p values presented were derived from Pearson correlation analysis. (a) ρ = − 0.064, p = 0.363 (b) ρ = − 0.057, p = 0.014 (c) ρ = − 0.198, p = 0.013 (d) ρ = − 0.213, p = 0.007.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Proportion of depressive disorders DALYs attributable to intimate partner violence, bullying victimization, and childhood sexual abuse, for 21 GBD regions, 2019.
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