Standard Versus Family-Based Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment for Adolescent Substance Use in Primary Care: Protocol for a Multisite Randomized Effectiveness Trial

Abstract

Background: Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment for adolescents (SBIRT-A) is widely recommended to promote detection and early intervention for alcohol and other drug (AOD) use in pediatric primary care. Existing SBIRT-A procedures rely almost exclusively on adolescents alone, despite the recognition of caregivers as critical protective factors in adolescent development and AOD use. Moreover, controlled SBIRT-A studies conducted in primary care have yielded inconsistent findings about implementation feasibility and effects on AOD outcomes and overall developmental functioning. There is urgent need to investigate the value of systematically incorporating caregivers in SBIRT-A procedures.

Objective: This randomized effectiveness trial will advance research and scope on SBIRT-A in primary care by conducting a head-to-head test of 2 conceptually grounded, evidence-informed approaches: a standard adolescent-only approach (SBIRT-A-Standard) versus a more expansive family-based approach (SBIRT-A-Family). The SBIRT-A-Family approach enhances the procedures of the SBIRT-A-Standard approach by screening for AOD risk with both adolescents and caregivers; leveraging multidomain, multireporter AOD risk and protection data to inform case identification and risk categorization; and directly involving caregivers in brief intervention and referral to treatment activities.

Methods: The study will include 2300 adolescents (aged 12-17 y) and their caregivers attending 1 of 3 hospital-affiliated pediatric settings serving diverse patient populations in major urban areas. Study recruitment, screening, randomization, and all SBIRT-A activities will occur during a single pediatric visit. SBIRT-A procedures will be delivered digitally on handheld tablets using patient-facing and provider-facing programming. Primary outcomes (AOD use, co-occurring behavior problems, and parent-adolescent communication about AOD use) and secondary outcomes (adolescent quality of life, adolescent risk factors, and therapy attendance) will be assessed at screening and initial assessment and 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-ups. The study is well powered to conduct all planned main and moderator (age, sex, race, ethnicity, and youth AOD risk status) analyses.

Results: This study will be conducted over a 5-year period. Provider training was initiated in year 1 (December 2023). Participant recruitment and follow-up data collection began in year 2 (March 2024). We expect the results from this study to be published in early 2027.

Conclusions: SBIRT-A is widely endorsed but currently underused in pediatric primary care settings, and questions remain about optimal approaches and overall effectiveness. In particular, referral to treatment procedures in primary care remains virtually untested among youth. In addition, whereas research strongly supports involving families in interventions for adolescent AOD, SBIRT-A effectiveness trial testing approaches that actively engage family members in primary care are absent. This trial is designed to help fill these research gaps to inform the critical health decision of whether and how to include caregivers in SBIRT-A activities conducted in pediatric primary care.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05964010; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05964010.

International registered report identifier (irrid): PRR1-10.2196/54486.

Keywords: adolescent substance use; brief intervention; family-based; pediatric primary care; referral to treatment; screening.

Figure 1

Patient flow diagram of the screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment for adolescents: standard adolescent-only approach (SBIRT-A-Standard) versus SBIRT-A: family-based approach (SBIRT-A-Family) for adolescent substance use (SU) in the primary care multisite randomized effectiveness trial: recruitment, screening, randomization, and intervention recommendations. BNI: brief negotiated interview; FC: facilitated conversation; MH: mental health; RT: referral to treatment.

Figure 2

The SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) checklist for the screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment for adolescents: standard adolescent-only approach (SBIRT-A-Standard) versus SBIRT-A: family-based approach (SBIRT-A-Family) for adolescent substance use (SU) in the primary care (PC) multisite randomized effectiveness trial: schedule of trial enrollment, interventions, and assessments. AD: adolescent participant; AOD: alcohol and other drug; CG: caregiver participant; CL: clinician participant.

Figure 3

Conceptual framework for the screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment for adolescents: standard adolescent-only approach (SBIRT-A-Standard) versus SBIRT-A: family-based approach (SBIRT-A-Family) for adolescent substance use (SU) in the primary care multisite randomized effectiveness trial (family-based additions to SBIRT-A for adolescent alcohol and drug use in primary care). AOD: alcohol and other drug; BNI: brief negotiated interview; CRAFFT: car, relax, alone, forget, friends, trouble; MH: mental health.