The Impact of Changing Race-Specific Equations for Lung Function Tests among Veterans with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract

Rationale: The American Thoracic Society recommended a single reference equation for spirometry, but the impact on patients is not known. Objectives: To estimate the effect of changing to a single reference equation among veterans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted including veterans aged ⩾40 to ⩽89 years with COPD and spirometry results from 21 facilities between 2010 and 2019. We collected race and ethnicity data from the electronic health record. We estimated the percentage change in the number of veterans with lung function meeting clinical thresholds used to determine eligibility for lung resection for cancer, lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS), and lung transplantation referral. We estimated the change for each level of U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs service connection and financial impact. Results: We identified 44,892 veterans (Asian, 0.5%; Black, 11.8%; White, 80.8%; and Hispanic, 1.8%). When changing to a single reference equation, Asian and Black veterans had reduced predicted lung function that could result in less surgical lung resection (4.4% and 11.1%, respectively) while increasing LVRS (1.7% and 3.8%) and lung transplantation evaluation for Black veterans (1.2%). White veterans had increased predicted lung function and could experience increased lung resection (8.1%), with less LVRS (3.3%) and lung transplantation evaluation (0.9%). Some Asian and Black veterans could experience increases in monthly disability payments (+$540.38 and +$398.38), whereas White veterans could see a decrease (-$588.79). When aggregated, Hispanic veterans experienced changes attributable to their racial identity and, because this sample was predominantly Hispanic White, had similar results to White veterans. Conclusions: Changing the reference equation could affect access to treatment and disability benefits, depending on race. If adopted, the use of discrete clinical thresholds needs to be reassessed, considering patient-centered outcomes.

Keywords: COPD; disparities; pulmonary function test; race.

Figure 1.

Distribution of FEV₁ percentage predicted among veterans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. FEV₁ = forced expiratory volume in 1 second; GLI = Global Lung Function Initiative.

Figure 2.

Percentage change in the number of veterans meeting clinical thresholds of lung function for lung resection. FEV₁ = forced expiratory volume in 1 second; postop = postoperative; preop = preoperative.

Figure 3.

Percentage change in the number of veterans meeting clinical thresholds of lung function for surgical chronic obstructive pulmonary disease therapies. FEV₁ = forced expiratory volume in 1 second.

Figure 4.

Projected number of veterans at each level of SC for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second, stratified by race and ethnicity. SC = service connection.