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. 2024 Sep;154(3):690-697.e4.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.05.020. Epub 2024 May 29.

Saliva antibody profiles are associated with reaction threshold and severity of peanut allergic reactions

Hsi-En Ho  1 , Zoe Arditi  2 , Lin Radigan  1 , Galina Grishina  3 , Lingdi Zhang  2 , Yoojin Chun  2 , Tracy Lo  3 , Julie Wang  3 , Scott Sicherer  3 , Supinda Bunyavanich  4
Affiliations

Saliva antibody profiles are associated with reaction threshold and severity of peanut allergic reactions

Hsi-En Ho et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2024 Sep.

Abstract

Background: Reaction threshold and severity in food allergy are difficult to predict, and noninvasive predictors are lacking.

Objective: We sought to determine the relationships between pre-challenge levels of peanut (PN)-specific antibodies in saliva and reaction threshold, severity, and organ-specific symptoms during PN allergic reactions.

Methods: We measured PN-specific antibody levels in saliva collected from 127 children with suspected PN allergy before double-blind, placebo-controlled PN challenges in which reaction threshold, severity, and symptoms were rigorously characterized. Low threshold (LT) PN allergy was defined as reaction to <300 mg of PN protein cumulatively consumed. A consensus severity grading system was used to grade severity. We analyzed associations between antibody levels and reaction threshold, severity, and organ-specific symptoms.

Results: Among the 127 children, those with high pre-challenge saliva PN IgE had higher odds of LT PN allergy (odds ratio [OR] 3.9, 95% CI 1.6-9.5), while those with high saliva PN IgA:PN IgE ratio or PN IgG4:PN IgE ratio had lower odds of LT PN allergy (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8; OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.9). Children with high pre-challenge saliva PN IgG4 had lower odds of severe PN reactions (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.9). Children with high saliva PN IgE had higher odds of respiratory symptoms (OR 8.0, 95% CI 2.2-26.8). Saliva PN IgE modestly correlated with serum PN IgE levels (Pearson r = 0.31, P = .0004). High and low saliva PN IgE levels further distinguished reaction threshold and severity in participants stratified by serum PN IgE, suggesting endotypes.

Conclusions: Saliva PN antibodies could aid in noninvasive risk stratification of PN allergy threshold, severity, and organ-specific symptoms.

Keywords: Peanut; allergy; antibody; endotype; food allergy; noninvasive; reaction; saliva; severity; symptom; threshold.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure statement This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01AI147028 and U19AI136053. Disclosure of potential conflict of interest: S. Sicherer reports royalty payments from UpToDate and Johns Hopkins University Press; grants to his institution from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Food Allergy Research & Education, and Pfizer; and personal fees from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology as Deputy Editor of the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, outside of the submitted work. The remaining authors declare that they have no relevant conflicts of interest.

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