Sensing of Gunshot Residue components from real sample using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Abstract

The present work represents a Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) based sensing method for detecting Gunshot Residue (GSR) components. Two laser dyes Acf and RhB have been used as donor and acceptor respectively in the FRET pair. The real sample was collected after test firing in a forensic science laboratory. On the other hand, a standard GSR solution has been prepared in the laboratory. For the preparation of standard GSR solutions, we used the water solutions of the salts BaCl₂, SbCl_3, and Pb(NO₃)₂. The FRET efficiency was measured between Acf and RhB to sense the presence of GSR components (Pb⁺², Ba⁺², and Sb⁺³) in both real sample and standard solution by mixing the salts in aqueous solution. It has been observed that the FRET efficiency systematically decreases in the presence of GSR components. To amplify the FRET efficiency of the dye pair, inorganic clay dispersion (laponite) was used. The enhancement in FRET efficiency represents a better sensitivity of the proposed sensor. The current sensor is useful for the quantification of concentrations of the GSR components in a real sample.

Keywords: FRET; Firearms; Gunshot Residue (GSR); Molecular Logic Gate; SEM.